@WavesBlog

A self-proclaimed essential facility.

Monday, March 27, 2023

IS CREDIT SCORING AN AUTOMATED DECISION? – THE OPINION OF THE AG PIKAMÄE IN THE CASE C-634/21

 Digital Constitutionalist, here. 

Email ThisBlogThis!Share to XShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest
Labels: credit scoring
Newer Post Older Post Home
  • ICYMI: What Does History Tell Us? The Development of Antitrust in America
    Panel, Programme here , Video here . 
  • BEREC publishes its Opinion on Meta’s draft reference offer for WhatsApp interoperability
      Here . 
  • LG Frankfurt am Main: Elektronische Leseplätze in Bibliotheken (§ 52b UrhG)
    LG Frankfurt am Main, 2-06 O 172/09 (verkündet am 13.05.2009). Lesenswertes aus der Begründung (meine Hervorhebungen): "Vorstellbare ...
  • Investigation opened against Novamont for alleged abuse of dominant position by Novamont
     AGCM, here . 
  • Oracle launches apps to surface predictions and insights from IoT sensor data
    VentureBeat, here . 
  • Singapore's New FinTech Fast Track Initiative Accelerates Patent Application-To-Grant Process
    IPOS, here . Circular 3/18 here . 
  • Meta-Within Should Be Viewed in the Context of Meta’s Broader Efforts To Monopolize Social Networking
     B. Nye, here . 
  • What Can U.S. v. Microsoft Teach About Antitrust and Multi-Sided Platforms?
    FTC Hearings, Video here . 
  • REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS TO THE WIPO GENERAL ASSEMBLY
    Here .
  • China’s New AI Governance Initiatives Shouldn’t Be Ignored
     M. Sheehan, here . 

Blog Archive

  • ►  2024 (628)
    • ►  October (37)
    • ►  September (1)
    • ►  August (33)
    • ►  July (104)
    • ►  June (84)
    • ►  May (100)
    • ►  April (94)
    • ►  March (91)
    • ►  February (65)
    • ►  January (19)
  • ▼  2023 (784)
    • ►  December (37)
    • ►  November (58)
    • ►  October (116)
    • ►  September (51)
    • ►  August (46)
    • ►  July (127)
    • ►  June (35)
    • ►  May (65)
    • ►  April (34)
    • ▼  March (80)
      • The Open Letter to Stop 'Dangerous' AI Race Is a H...
      • Google says Microsoft cloud practices are anti-com...
      • On EU-China relations
      • Second Workshop on the DMA – This is not a Bluepri...
      • Solon pushes for interoperability of instant messa...
      • Inclusive AI governance Civil society participati...
      • A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation
      • DATA ACT: TOWARDS A BALANCED EU DATA REGULATION
      • Examination of Microsoft’s significance for compet...
      • Reimagining platform ecosystems
      • Reparaturpflicht mit Lücken
      • DATA ACT: TOWARDS A BALANCED EU DATA REGULATION
      • Data act: member states agree common position on f...
      • Zugriff und Nutzung von Fahrzeugdaten
      • Microsoft’s Battle with AI Companies: Data Restric...
      • Commission announces Guidelines on exclusionary ab...
      • IS CREDIT SCORING AN AUTOMATED DECISION? – THE OPI...
      • The Age of AI has begun
      • The Metaverse: Surveillant Physics, Virtual Realis...
      • Spinning Amazon’s Flywheel: How Amazon's business ...
      • CMA narrows scope of concerns in Microsoft – Activ...
      • Is the Effects-Based Approach Too Cumbersome?: Tak...
      • COMMISSION DECISION of 23.3.2023 on setting up the...
      • Right to repair: Commission introduces new consume...
      • Consumer protection: enabling sustainable choices ...
      • GOOGLE-OSTACOLI ALLA PORTABILITÀ DEI DATI: impegni...
      • Post-EC Technical Workshop on Messaging Interopera...
      • Chatbots, deepfakes, and voice clones: AI deceptio...
      • Making sense of NCAs’ roles under the DMA – The Du...
      • Wettbewerb und Nachhaltigkeit in Deutschland und ...
      • FTC Seeks Comment on Business Practices of Cloud C...
      • Who Is Still Inside the Metaverse?
      • THE LOBBYING GHOST IN THE MACHINE
      • THE FIRST ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMIS...
      • Microsoft plans mobile games store to rival Apple ...
      • Advances in AI: Are We Ready For a Tech Revolution?
      • The DMA & Interoperability of Messaging Services
      • How Three Mergers Buttressed Google’s Ad Tech Mono...
      • The Lurking Theory of Potential Competition in the...
      • Architectural options for messaging interoperability
      • Proposed Digital India Act 2023
      • The Great Antitrust Retreat: Why We Should Worry A...
      • Falling costs of AI may leave its power in hands o...
      • FTC Seeks Public Comment on Franchisors Exerting C...
      • ChatGPT and the AI Act
      • Understanding Social Media Recommendation Algorithms
      • Meta is building a decentralized, text-based socia...
      • UK merger control in 2023
      • "Towards the Artificial Intelligence Act"
      • WhatsApp would not remove end-to-end encryption fo...
      • Code of Conduct on Data Sharing in Tourism
      • U.S., EU kick off AI research collaboration
      • Brazil central bank greenlights Meta's WhatsApp me...
      • Justice Department’s Suit to Block JetBlue’s Propo...
      • How we Build Platforms
      • Android’s new OEM rules in India swap “requirement...
      • The signal of compliance
      • Exploring Global Enforcement Trends
      • An Excessive Evidentiary Burden Sunk the FTC’s Cas...
      • Early thoughts on regulating generative AI like Ch...
      • ACTUAL POTENTIAL COMPETITION: FTC V. META/WITHIN C...
      • Alexa, what happened?
      • Reclaiming The Antitrust Law Of Potential Competit...
      • Draft guidance on the application of the Chapter ...
      • Creative destruction in digital ecosystems revisited
      • The risk of Microsoft owning the operating system ...
      • Yale’s Tobin Center Assembles Leading Economists t...
      • A Triple Shift for competition policy
      • Sustainable industries through digital supply chains?
      • National Cybersecurity Strategy
      • The internet is about to get a lot safer
      • Expanding ecosystems of digital platform service...
      • CMA Economic Research Strategy
      • Reining in Dominant Digital Platforms: Restoring C...
      • Second EU Technical Workshop, on interoperability ...
      • Third EU technical workshop: The DMA and app store...
      • European Citizens' Virtual Worlds Panel: A new pha...
      • The "most fabulous conference @BruxConf2023", unro...
      • Artificial Intelligence: Last Week Tonight with Jo...
      • The FTC’s silver lining in Meta court victory to a...
    • ►  February (63)
    • ►  January (72)
  • ►  2022 (270)
    • ►  December (36)
    • ►  November (94)
    • ►  April (1)
    • ►  March (21)
    • ►  February (32)
    • ►  January (86)
  • ►  2021 (873)
    • ►  December (63)
    • ►  November (117)
    • ►  October (108)
    • ►  September (131)
    • ►  July (1)
    • ►  June (83)
    • ►  May (80)
    • ►  April (75)
    • ►  March (72)
    • ►  February (96)
    • ►  January (47)
  • ►  2020 (1807)
    • ►  December (63)
    • ►  November (182)
    • ►  October (193)
    • ►  September (109)
    • ►  August (96)
    • ►  July (239)
    • ►  June (163)
    • ►  May (154)
    • ►  April (231)
    • ►  March (101)
    • ►  February (120)
    • ►  January (156)
  • ►  2019 (2165)
    • ►  December (182)
    • ►  November (145)
    • ►  October (166)
    • ►  September (139)
    • ►  August (100)
    • ►  July (271)
    • ►  June (165)
    • ►  May (210)
    • ►  April (145)
    • ►  March (163)
    • ►  February (233)
    • ►  January (246)
  • ►  2018 (2206)
    • ►  December (151)
    • ►  November (257)
    • ►  October (228)
    • ►  September (185)
    • ►  August (150)
    • ►  July (169)
    • ►  June (174)
    • ►  May (201)
    • ►  April (212)
    • ►  March (143)
    • ►  February (191)
    • ►  January (145)
  • ►  2017 (1989)
    • ►  December (136)
    • ►  November (270)
    • ►  October (196)
    • ►  September (195)
    • ►  August (90)
    • ►  July (166)
    • ►  June (217)
    • ►  May (120)
    • ►  April (103)
    • ►  March (159)
    • ►  February (142)
    • ►  January (195)
  • ►  2016 (2086)
    • ►  December (180)
    • ►  November (185)
    • ►  October (289)
    • ►  September (189)
    • ►  August (131)
    • ►  July (134)
    • ►  June (180)
    • ►  May (194)
    • ►  April (127)
    • ►  March (155)
    • ►  February (154)
    • ►  January (168)
  • ►  2015 (1470)
    • ►  December (151)
    • ►  November (181)
    • ►  October (175)
    • ►  September (116)
    • ►  August (25)
    • ►  July (131)
    • ►  June (137)
    • ►  May (130)
    • ►  April (53)
    • ►  March (87)
    • ►  February (190)
    • ►  January (94)
  • ►  2014 (1637)
    • ►  December (139)
    • ►  November (184)
    • ►  October (197)
    • ►  September (142)
    • ►  August (118)
    • ►  July (91)
    • ►  June (168)
    • ►  May (110)
    • ►  April (89)
    • ►  March (117)
    • ►  February (133)
    • ►  January (149)
  • ►  2013 (1598)
    • ►  December (111)
    • ►  November (167)
    • ►  October (199)
    • ►  September (135)
    • ►  August (116)
    • ►  July (47)
    • ►  June (123)
    • ►  May (134)
    • ►  April (148)
    • ►  March (124)
    • ►  February (158)
    • ►  January (136)
  • ►  2012 (1249)
    • ►  December (85)
    • ►  November (129)
    • ►  October (153)
    • ►  September (125)
    • ►  August (147)
    • ►  July (45)
    • ►  June (112)
    • ►  May (105)
    • ►  April (105)
    • ►  March (91)
    • ►  February (85)
    • ►  January (67)
  • ►  2011 (1185)
    • ►  December (111)
    • ►  November (84)
    • ►  October (155)
    • ►  September (103)
    • ►  August (72)
    • ►  July (15)
    • ►  June (135)
    • ►  May (168)
    • ►  April (93)
    • ►  March (134)
    • ►  February (71)
    • ►  January (44)
  • ►  2010 (437)
    • ►  December (50)
    • ►  November (50)
    • ►  October (68)
    • ►  September (58)
    • ►  August (36)
    • ►  July (14)
    • ►  June (45)
    • ►  May (54)
    • ►  April (22)
    • ►  March (22)
    • ►  February (18)
  • ►  2009 (183)
    • ►  December (13)
    • ►  November (41)
    • ►  October (44)
    • ►  September (23)
    • ►  August (5)
    • ►  July (11)
    • ►  June (33)
    • ►  May (5)
    • ►  April (2)
    • ►  January (6)
  • ►  2008 (41)
    • ►  December (8)
    • ►  November (3)
    • ►  October (2)
    • ►  August (1)
    • ►  June (4)
    • ►  May (6)
    • ►  April (8)
    • ►  February (9)
  • ►  2007 (33)
    • ►  December (1)
    • ►  November (22)
    • ►  October (10)

Search This Blog

Some links

DGComp
ICN
National Competition Authorities in the EU
OECD Best Practice Roundtables on Competition Policy
EU Cases on IP
EU Cases on Competition Law
Search Tool for EU Competition Cases
FTC Events - Videos




DGComp

Labels

  • 'important projects of common European interest (1)
  • § 19a GWB (19)
  • @wavesblogplaylist (22)
  • #antitrustteabreak (1)
  • 102 (2)
  • 102 Guidelines (10)
  • 3D Digitisation (3)
  • 3D Printing (38)
  • 3D Printing:copyright (5)
  • 3D Scanning (3)
  • 4-D Printing (1)
  • 5G (5)
  • 5G:patents (1)
  • A-watchinglist (1)
  • A2K (4)
  • Aadhaar (1)
  • AbbVie/Allergan (1)
  • absolute territorial protection (1)
  • Abstract (1)
  • abuse of dominance settlement (1)
  • abuse of dominance:App Store (1)
  • abuse of dominance:revision; exclusionary abuses (2)
  • abuse of dominant position (32)
  • abuse of economic dependence (9)
  • abusive prices (4)
  • ACCC DPI (8)
  • Accelerated Mobile Pages (3)
  • Access Act (1)
  • Access to Data (96)
  • access to documents (10)
  • access to financial data (1)
  • access to innovation (2)
  • access to IP (1)
  • access to medicines (11)
  • account aggregator (1)
  • account switching (1)
  • accountability by design (1)
  • ACTA (36)
  • ACTA and privacy (1)
  • Action Plan on IP (2)
  • actuation (1)
  • ad blocking (39)
  • ad fraud (1)
  • ad platform (1)
  • adaptive competition policy (1)
  • adaptive innovation (1)
  • adblocking (18)
  • adidas (2)
  • AdMob (1)
  • Adobe/Figma (4)
  • adtech (48)
  • adtech regulation (2)
  • adtech:antitrust (47)
  • adtech:ethics (2)
  • adtech:privacy (42)
  • Advanced Data Protection Control (1)
  • Adversarial machine learning (1)
  • adverse targeting (1)
  • advertising intelligence (1)
  • advertising on mobile phones (2)
  • adwords (10)
  • AdWords: Competition Law (10)
  • aerated autoclaved concrete case (1)
  • Aereo (8)
  • affiliate marketing (1)
  • Africa and copyright (3)
  • African Competition Forum (2)
  • aftermarket (2)
  • AGCM (4)
  • AGCOM (2)
  • Agency Effectiveness (3)
  • agency lite (1)
  • agency model (28)
  • Aggregates (3)
  • aggregator (2)
  • agreement between undertakings (1)
  • agrgregate data (1)
  • Agri Stats (1)
  • agrichemicals sector (1)
  • Agriculture (22)
  • Agtech (2)
  • AI Act (44)
  • AI Act and competition law (1)
  • AI Act:AI Office (2)
  • AI Act:by design (1)
  • AI Act:data protection (1)
  • AI Act:DSA (2)
  • AI Act:foundation models (1)
  • AI Act:fundamental rights (1)
  • AI Act:GDPR (1)
  • AI Act:generative AI (6)
  • AI Act:human rights (1)
  • AI Act:open source (1)
  • AI Act:standards (1)
  • AI Act:Trialogue (2)
  • AI algorithm (10)
  • AI and competition (5)
  • AI and copyright (16)
  • AI and finance (1)
  • AI and law (1)
  • AI Apps (2)
  • AI chip (4)
  • AI Code of Conduct (1)
  • AI collusion (3)
  • AI Council (1)
  • AI economics (1)
  • AI for social good (1)
  • AI GDPR (1)
  • AI governance-in-a-box (1)
  • AI harms (1)
  • AI interoperability (1)
  • AI liability (1)
  • AI nudge (1)
  • AI openness (2)
  • AI Pact (2)
  • AI partnerships and arrangements; (3)
  • AI partnerships and arrangements; Artificial intelligence:vertical restraints (1)
  • AI Register (1)
  • AI regulation:Italy (1)
  • AI regulation:UK (1)
  • AI regulation:US (5)
  • AI Risk Management (1)
  • AI search (1)
  • AI standards (1)
  • AI startups (1)
  • AI supply chain (1)
  • AI to protect privacy (1)
  • AI training (5)
  • Ai v HI (1)
  • AI vision (1)
  • AI whistleblower (2)
  • AI: investments (1)
  • AI:competition (1)
  • AI:Executive Order (1)
  • AI:opt-out (1)
  • AI:safety (1)
  • AI:standard setting (1)
  • AI:transparency (1)
  • Air transport (49)
  • Air transport:data (1)
  • Air transport:data protection (1)
  • Airbnb (5)
  • Airbnb:Antitrust (1)
  • Airbnb:GDPR (1)
  • algo auditing (4)
  • algocommerce (1)
  • algorithm (11)
  • algorithm and copyright (5)
  • algorithm and price fixing (44)
  • algorithm-led passive radio-style consumption (1)
  • algorithm: competition scrutiny (3)
  • algorithmic consumer (5)
  • algorithmic accountability (55)
  • algorithmic attention rents (1)
  • algorithmic bias (18)
  • algorithmic destruction (1)
  • algorithmic disgorgement (2)
  • Algorithmic economy (2)
  • algorithmic fairness (13)
  • algorithmic honesty (1)
  • algorithmic investigation (3)
  • algorithmic management (1)
  • algorithmic private enforcement (2)
  • algorithmic public enforcement (1)
  • algorithmic regulation (61)
  • algorithmic remedy (1)
  • algorithmic sandbox (1)
  • algorithmic self (2)
  • algorithmic self-regulation (1)
  • algorithmic trading (2)
  • algorithmic transparency (60)
  • algotithmic responsability (1)
  • Alibaba (2)
  • Alloy (1)
  • Alphabet/Uber (2)
  • Alstom/Bombardier (1)
  • ALTAI (1)
  • alternative data (1)
  • Amazon (155)
  • Amazon advertising (1)
  • Amazon Alexa: privacy (5)
  • Amazon Bookstore (4)
  • Amazon BuyBox (8)
  • Amazon CreateSpace (1)
  • Amazon Echo (1)
  • Amazon Effect (5)
  • Amazon Go (1)
  • Amazon Lending (2)
  • Amazon Marketplace (15)
  • Amazon Marketplace:antitrust (1)
  • Amazon Pay (1)
  • Amazon Pay Balance (1)
  • Amazon Pharmacy (1)
  • Amazon Prime (7)
  • Amazon Ring (2)
  • Amazon Ring:privacy (1)
  • Amazon:19a GWB (4)
  • Amazon:antitrust (107)
  • Amazon:bank (1)
  • Amazon:ex ante (1)
  • Amazon:FTC (5)
  • Amazon:mfn (1)
  • Amazon:Nessie (1)
  • Amazon:privacy (9)
  • Amazon:surveillance (1)
  • Amazon. AI fashionista (2)
  • Amazon/Apple (1)
  • Amazon/Deliveroo (11)
  • Amazon/iRobot (9)
  • Amazon/PillPack (1)
  • Amazon/Ring (3)
  • Amazon/Sizmek (1)
  • Amazon/Twitch (2)
  • Amazon/Whole Foods (17)
  • Amazon/Zoox (1)
  • Amended Google Book Settlement (5)
  • American Airlines/Jetblue (1)
  • American Innovation and Choice Online Act (1)
  • amnesty plus (1)
  • Android (299)
  • Android Auto (3)
  • Android Court Case (1)
  • Android for smart TVs (1)
  • Android Things (1)
  • Android:privacy (10)
  • Android:remedy (44)
  • angle mort (1)
  • Anne Frank (1)
  • anonymisation (9)
  • anonymity (8)
  • anonymity as service (2)
  • Ant Financial/WorldFirst (1)
  • Anti-corruption (1)
  • anti-fragmentation (1)
  • anti-steering (6)
  • anticipatory regulation (1)
  • antimafia rating (3)
  • Antitrust 2025 (1)
  • Antitrust and ethics (1)
  • antitrust balancing (1)
  • Antitrust Cooperation (2)
  • antitrust course (2)
  • antitrust democracy (3)
  • Antitrust Immunity (2)
  • antitrust law history (9)
  • Antitrust Litigation (1)
  • Antitrust Meme Advent Calendar 2020 (4)
  • Antitrust Remorse (1)
  • Antitrust Shrinking (1)
  • Antitrust Update_3-2011 (1)
  • Antitrust Upheaval (1)
  • Antitrust:Pop (1)
  • API (61)
  • API and competition (24)
  • App (7)
  • App adds in app store (2)
  • app consumer protection (1)
  • app exclusion (5)
  • app market (21)
  • app marketplace (25)
  • App pricing (9)
  • app privacy (38)
  • App Privacy labels (1)
  • app procompetition (2)
  • App Store (41)
  • App Store: antitrust (71)
  • app store:privacy (1)
  • app tracking transparency (1)
  • app value chain (3)
  • appellation of origin (2)
  • Apple (15)
  • Apple and trademark (2)
  • Apple Antitrust (55)
  • Apple ATT (3)
  • Apple Card (4)
  • Apple Carplay (1)
  • Apple Music (11)
  • Apple News (2)
  • Apple Pay (34)
  • Apple Search (1)
  • Apple Watch (2)
  • Apple: Privacy (14)
  • Apple:102 (1)
  • Apple:19a (1)
  • Apple:AI (3)
  • Apple:antitrust (13)
  • Apple:Freedom of Speech (1)
  • Apple:security (1)
  • Apple:tracking (1)
  • Apple:web apps (3)
  • Apple/Asaii (1)
  • Apple/Beats (2)
  • Apple/Dark Sky (1)
  • Apple/Samsung (20)
  • Apple/Shazam (17)
  • Apple/Silk Labs (1)
  • Apple/Spectral Edge (1)
  • appropriability defense (1)
  • apps market (12)
  • Apps privacy (11)
  • Aprilscherz (1)
  • Aptoide (3)
  • arbitration and competition law (1)
  • archaeology (1)
  • archives and copyright (4)
  • art market (2)
  • art. 52a UrhG (6)
  • art. 52b UrhG (3)
  • art. 82 (3)
  • art.102 (2)
  • Article 22 MR (2)
  • artificial differentiation (1)
  • artificial general intelligence (2)
  • artificial intelligence (179)
  • artificial intelligence: consumer protection (1)
  • artificial intelligence: decision making (1)
  • artificial intelligence: insurance (2)
  • artificial intelligence: journalism (1)
  • artificial intelligence: publicly available data (1)
  • artificial intelligence: standards (2)
  • artificial intelligence:antitrust (4)
  • artificial intelligence:art (3)
  • artificial intelligence:competition (15)
  • artificial intelligence:consumer protection (2)
  • artificial intelligence:Copyright (11)
  • artificial intelligence:data (2)
  • Artificial intelligence:economics (25)
  • artificial intelligence:ethics (49)
  • artificial intelligence:fintech (3)
  • artificial intelligence:freedom of expression (1)
  • artificial intelligence:G7 (1)
  • artificial intelligence:GDPR (2)
  • artificial intelligence:hardware (1)
  • artificial intelligence:history (1)
  • artificial intelligence:human rights (7)
  • artificial intelligence:inequality (1)
  • artificial intelligence:innovation (7)
  • artificial intelligence:IP (22)
  • artificial intelligence:labour (1)
  • artificial intelligence:learning capabilities (1)
  • artificial intelligence:legal services (1)
  • Artificial intelligence:liability (4)
  • artificial intelligence:national security (1)
  • artificial intelligence:patent (7)
  • artificial intelligence:policy (12)
  • artificial intelligence:privacy (36)
  • artificial intelligence:pull the plug (1)
  • artificial intelligence:R&D (1)
  • artificial intelligence:regulation (80)
  • artificial intelligence:regulatory competition (1)
  • artificial intelligence:repressive power (1)
  • artificial intelligence:retail (1)
  • artificial intelligence:sandbox (1)
  • artificial intelligence:self-regulation (3)
  • artificial intelligence:soft regulation (1)
  • artificial intelligence:supervisory agency (1)
  • artificial intelligence:surveillance (5)
  • artificial intelligence:technological development (1)
  • artificial intelligence:trade (2)
  • artificial intelligence:training data (1)
  • artificial intelligence:trust (3)
  • artificial neural network (1)
  • arts market (1)
  • as efficient competitor test (4)
  • ASA's Rejection (1)
  • Ascola (1)
  • Asian competition law (2)
  • Aspirin (1)
  • asset management industry (1)
  • assistance (1)
  • AstraZeneca (4)
  • AT_T (1)
  • AT_T/T-Mobile (8)
  • AT&T/Time Warner (35)
  • at6 (1)
  • attention market (9)
  • attention merchant (4)
  • attention preservation (1)
  • attraction market (1)
  • attribution (1)
  • auction-based remedy (1)
  • Audible (3)
  • audio books (4)
  • audiovisual media services (5)
  • audiovisual performances (1)
  • Audit Market: Competition Problems (9)
  • Audit Policy (1)
  • Augmented Reality (7)
  • augmented reality:IP (2)
  • augmented reality:privacy (1)
  • authors in the digital age (6)
  • auto distribution (2)
  • auto-parts (3)
  • automated decision system (1)
  • automated individual decision making (4)
  • automated machine learning (4)
  • automated machine-learned nudges (1)
  • automated repricing software (24)
  • automated software testing (1)
  • automation (2)
  • autonomous vehicles (13)
  • autonomous vehicles:liability (2)
  • autonomous vehicles:privacy (3)
  • availability guarantee (1)
  • B2B data sharing (2)
  • B2B platform (1)
  • B2G data sharing (1)
  • Baby-food (1)
  • back-up copy (1)
  • backdoor (1)
  • Bad IP? (2)
  • Bagatellmarktklausel (1)
  • Baidu (1)
  • Bailout (1)
  • ban on licence overriding copyright exceptions (5)
  • bank competition (21)
  • bank-led platform (1)
  • banking (5)
  • Banking sector (27)
  • banking service provider (1)
  • Bansky IP law (1)
  • barrier to competition (1)
  • BASF/Solvay nylon (1)
  • Bayer Animal Health/Elanco (1)
  • Bayer/Monsanto (25)
  • Bazaarvoice (4)
  • BCS (1)
  • beach reads (1)
  • beer (5)
  • Beer cartel (1)
  • beer market (2)
  • beer patent (1)
  • beer tie (2)
  • beer:abuse of dominance (2)
  • Behavioral Antitrust (27)
  • Behavioural Advertising (12)
  • behavioural cocaine (1)
  • behavioural discrimination (8)
  • Behavioural Economics (48)
  • behavioural policy (12)
  • behavioural remedies (3)
  • Beijing Effect (1)
  • Belgium (1)
  • BER (2)
  • Berlin Declaration (1)
  • Berne Convention (1)
  • Best Practices for Expert Economic Opinions (1)
  • bid rigging (20)
  • bidding agreement (2)
  • Biden Antitrust (18)
  • Big (1)
  • BIG Ag (1)
  • Big Bank and Big Tech (1)
  • Big Data (126)
  • Big Data and Children (3)
  • big data and competition policy (135)
  • big data and media (2)
  • big data and patents (1)
  • Big data and sport (1)
  • Big Data and VR (1)
  • Big Data Banks (1)
  • Big Data Company (2)
  • Big Data feedback loop (1)
  • Big Data Research (2)
  • Big Data Value Chain (8)
  • Big Data: Ethics (34)
  • Big Data: Financial Institutions (4)
  • Big Data: Health (47)
  • big Data: Politics (1)
  • Big Data: Transport (1)
  • Big Data: Value (4)
  • Big Data:Economics (4)
  • big Data:efficiencies (1)
  • Big Data:merger (12)
  • Big Data:Privacy (39)
  • Big FinTech (3)
  • Big Pharma (5)
  • Big Tech (49)
  • Big Tech and coronavirus (3)
  • Big Tech and financial disclosures (1)
  • Big Tech and innovation (1)
  • Big Tech Hearing (23)
  • Big Tech Regulation (14)
  • Big Tech:collective negotiation (1)
  • Big Tech:regulatory costs (2)
  • Big Track Tech (1)
  • bilateral trade agreements and IP (1)
  • Bill C-32 (1)
  • billboard effect (1)
  • Bilski (11)
  • bio-similar (2)
  • biodiversity (1)
  • Biologics (4)
  • biometric data (1)
  • Biometric discrimination (1)
  • Biometric surveillance capitalism (1)
  • biometrics (3)
  • biopiracy (1)
  • biotech (1)
  • biotech invention (5)
  • BIS (1)
  • bitcoin (13)
  • black (1)
  • black box (1)
  • black box royalties (1)
  • blanket licence (1)
  • blockchain (94)
  • blockchain and procurement (1)
  • blockchain consortium (1)
  • blockchain intermediaries (1)
  • blockchain: competition (1)
  • blockchain: copyright (5)
  • blockchain: freedom of expression (1)
  • blockchain: privacy (18)
  • blockchain:competition (20)
  • blockchain:economics (1)
  • blockchain:gaming (1)
  • blockchain:governance (1)
  • blockchain:IP (1)
  • blockchain:logistics (2)
  • blockchain:regulation (2)
  • blockchain:trust (2)
  • blog (2)
  • blog and competition (1)
  • BnF (8)
  • Boeing (1)
  • book piracy (2)
  • book streaming (1)
  • Booking.com (5)
  • Booking/eTraveli (5)
  • Bosch//SPX Matters (1)
  • Bottomline/EPG (1)
  • boycott (5)
  • brain drain (1)
  • brand jacking (1)
  • brand-sponsored data (1)
  • Brandgating (2)
  • brave (1)
  • Brazil (7)
  • bread cartel (4)
  • breakup (5)
  • breakup fee (1)
  • Brexit (32)
  • bricks and mortar rule (1)
  • BRICS (5)
  • BRICS academic report (1)
  • broadband (7)
  • Broadband cap (1)
  • broadband: privacy (13)
  • broadcasting (9)
  • Broadcom (1)
  • browser ballot (7)
  • Browser market (4)
  • browsing data (1)
  • Brussels Effect (2)
  • Brussels Firewall (1)
  • bubble (3)
  • bullshit (1)
  • bundling (10)
  • Bunge/Viterra (1)
  • Bus competition (2)
  • business method patent (1)
  • business model parity (1)
  • business secrets (1)
  • Buyer power (23)
  • Buyer Price Fixing (2)
  • cab (1)
  • Cable Merger (2)
  • CADE Report (1)
  • calender (1)
  • California antitrust policy (1)
  • California privacy policy (2)
  • Canada (9)
  • Canada:data protection (1)
  • canned vegetables cartel (1)
  • capabilities (1)
  • cappuccino (1)
  • captioning (1)
  • Car cartel (3)
  • car data (1)
  • car industry:digitisation (1)
  • car insurance (11)
  • car parts (2)
  • car2car (1)
  • carpooling (1)
  • cartel (38)
  • cartel and innovation (2)
  • cartel criminalisation (16)
  • cartel database (1)
  • cartel detection (7)
  • cartel enforcement (9)
  • cartel facilitator (5)
  • cartel fines (6)
  • cartel hunter (1)
  • cartel recidivism (1)
  • cartel screening tool (1)
  • Cartel settlement (8)
  • cartel statistics (1)
  • cartel: fine amount (2)
  • cartel: foreign nationals (1)
  • cartel: leader (1)
  • cartel:disqualification (2)
  • cashless store (1)
  • catch-me-if-you-can (1)
  • Catena-X (1)
  • CBDC (1)
  • CCP (1)
  • CCPA (5)
  • CCTV (1)
  • cement (2)
  • CETA (2)
  • character merchandising (1)
  • Charlie (1)
  • chat bot (39)
  • chat bot:consumer protection (1)
  • chat bot:privacy (5)
  • chat bot:strategy (2)
  • chatbot:Competition (1)
  • chatbot:privacy (1)
  • ChatGPT (5)
  • ChatGPT:bias (1)
  • ChatGPT:privacy (3)
  • cheese (2)
  • cheese cartel (1)
  • ChemChina/Sygenta (1)
  • Chicago (9)
  • chicken-and-egg (3)
  • chickenshit (1)
  • China (34)
  • China antitrust (16)
  • China trademark law (1)
  • china: data protection (9)
  • China:BigTech (1)
  • China:fintech (2)
  • Chinese competition policy (7)
  • Chip Act (1)
  • chipset (2)
  • chocolate (2)
  • choice engine (1)
  • choice-of-law (2)
  • Chrome (1)
  • Chrome OS (1)
  • Chrome:privacy (5)
  • churn (1)
  • Cicilline Report (6)
  • circular by design (1)
  • circular economy (3)
  • circular knowledge economy (1)
  • CISAC (1)
  • citation (4)
  • civil action for damages (3)
  • civil liberties (1)
  • Civil procedure and Antitrust (1)
  • civil society (1)
  • claims vehicle (1)
  • Class action (9)
  • class action and leniency (1)
  • Class action indirect purchaser (2)
  • class certification (3)
  • class surveillance (2)
  • Clayton Act (1)
  • clearances (1)
  • clearing fixed income instruments (1)
  • Clearview (5)
  • climate change (2)
  • cloning:antitrust (3)
  • closed ecosystem (26)
  • closed gTLD (2)
  • cloud (4)
  • cloud and competition policy (32)
  • cloud and data security (1)
  • cloud and domain name (1)
  • cloud and financial stability (4)
  • cloud computing (52)
  • cloud computing and copyright (20)
  • cloud computing and data protection (22)
  • cloud computing: security (8)
  • cloud computing:unfair practices (2)
  • cloud credits (4)
  • cloud gaming (1)
  • cloud infrastructure (1)
  • Cloud Music (6)
  • Cloud storage (3)
  • cloud switching (1)
  • Clubhouse (1)
  • CMA online platforms and digital advertising Report (2)
  • Coase Theorem (4)
  • code is law (1)
  • code portability (1)
  • codesharing (1)
  • cognitive economics (1)
  • collaborative economy (2)
  • collaborative spaces (1)
  • collecting society (12)
  • collecting society and competition (11)
  • collective bargaining (2)
  • collective bargaining arrangement (1)
  • collective data rights (1)
  • collective dominance (2)
  • collective licensing (1)
  • collective management (7)
  • collective redress (16)
  • Collective Rights Management Bodies (7)
  • collective society and competition (1)
  • collective switching (1)
  • collusion and big data (1)
  • Colorado AI Law (1)
  • colour trade mark (1)
  • Comcast/Time Warner (10)
  • COMESA (3)
  • comfort letter (2)
  • Commitments (17)
  • Common ownership (2)
  • common shareholding (1)
  • communication right (10)
  • communication to the public of a sound recording (1)
  • communications data (1)
  • communications market (1)
  • community non-personal data (1)
  • community patent (3)
  • community-led platform (1)
  • company data locker (1)
  • compatibility (1)
  • compensation schemes (2)
  • competition advocacy (15)
  • competition and consumer law (3)
  • competition and environment (2)
  • competition and gender (5)
  • competition and growth (9)
  • competition and innovation (27)
  • competition and politics (4)
  • competition and poverty reduction (3)
  • Competition and privacy (23)
  • competition and productivity (1)
  • competition and quality (3)
  • competition and sectoral regulation (15)
  • competition between universities (2)
  • competition by design (46)
  • competition by privacy (2)
  • Competition Compliance (8)
  • competition compliance by design (1)
  • Competition Disqualification Orders (1)
  • competition enforcement (14)
  • competition enforcement cooperation (3)
  • competition enforcement for growth (4)
  • competition enforcement in Italy (2)
  • competition enforcement: criteria (2)
  • competition enforcement: sanctions (5)
  • competition in Health Care (13)
  • competition institutions (7)
  • competition law + (1)
  • competition law 4.0 (29)
  • competition law and human rights (3)
  • Competition Law reform (7)
  • competition law risk (1)
  • competition network (1)
  • competition neutrality (1)
  • competition overdose (1)
  • competition policy reform (5)
  • Competition policy: Evolution (5)
  • Competition policy: goals (22)
  • Competition policy:Introduction (2)
  • Competitive Neutrality (4)
  • competitive process (2)
  • competitiveness (20)
  • competitivess (2)
  • complacency (1)
  • complementors (5)
  • complexity economics (4)
  • complexity policymaking (1)
  • compliance by design (3)
  • compliance policy (5)
  • Compliance Program (3)
  • Compliance with competition law (2)
  • component-level SEP (1)
  • comptech (1)
  • Compulsory Licence (5)
  • compulsory licensing of patented pharmaceuticals (10)
  • computational antitrust (4)
  • computational power (1)
  • computational propaganda (1)
  • computer programming (3)
  • computer simulation (1)
  • computer-implemented inventions (1)
  • concerted practice (1)
  • concessionary market (1)
  • Conditional payment (1)
  • conditional rebates (3)
  • condom cartel (1)
  • confidentiality and competition law (5)
  • confidentiality of communications and patent system (2)
  • conflict of interest (5)
  • conflicts in the data-driven economy (1)
  • conflicts of law (1)
  • conglomerate effects (3)
  • Conglomerate Merger (6)
  • conglomerates (1)
  • connected car (28)
  • connected car: privacy (10)
  • connected car:antitrust (1)
  • connected toys (1)
  • consensual arrangement (1)
  • consent (8)
  • consent decree (1)
  • consent order's monitoring (1)
  • consent string (1)
  • conspiracy doctrine (1)
  • Consumer benefits from competition policy (2)
  • consumer choice (14)
  • Consumer data right (24)
  • consumer empowerment (4)
  • Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2)
  • consumer in the digital age (1)
  • consumer interest algorithm (1)
  • consumer interests (2)
  • consumer protection (8)
  • consumer protection and competition law (1)
  • consumer protection and quality (1)
  • Consumer Protection Cooperation Network (1)
  • consumer score (1)
  • Consumer Welfare (13)
  • consumer welfare standard (1)
  • consumer-led data governance (2)
  • contact lens (2)
  • contact lenses (1)
  • contact tracing (9)
  • container liner shipping sector (2)
  • content ID (1)
  • content mining (1)
  • content mining and research (1)
  • content monitoring (1)
  • contextual targeting (1)
  • contracting and competition (1)
  • contractual necessity (2)
  • contributory liability (1)
  • convenience (3)
  • Convention 108 (3)
  • conversational commerce (2)
  • conversations as a platform (1)
  • Conversion rate (1)
  • cookie ban (1)
  • cookie wall (3)
  • cookie-free world (1)
  • cookies (21)
  • Cooperative (6)
  • cooperative competition (1)
  • CooperCompanies/Cook Medical (1)
  • Copiepresse (3)
  • Copilot:copyright (1)
  • copy culture (1)
  • Copyright (10)
  • copyright abuse (1)
  • copyright and consumer law (1)
  • copyright and freedom of information (1)
  • copyright and innovation (6)
  • copyright and moral rights (3)
  • copyright and technology (6)
  • copyright balance (3)
  • copyright consultation (1)
  • copyright contract (1)
  • copyright criminalisation (1)
  • copyright education (2)
  • Copyright Exception (18)
  • copyright exceptions (17)
  • copyright extension (2)
  • Copyright for Creativity (4)
  • copyright infrastructure (1)
  • copyright infringement (14)
  • copyright infringement in the cloud (1)
  • copyright infringements estimate (1)
  • copyright law history (2)
  • Copyright law reform (114)
  • Copyright law reform in Italy (3)
  • copyright levies (5)
  • copyright licence (3)
  • copyright limitation (1)
  • copyright ownership and Internet (1)
  • copyright reform (33)
  • copyright relinquishment (1)
  • copyright term extension (4)
  • copyright troll (3)
  • copyright unification within the EU (1)
  • copyright work (2)
  • Copyright_reform (3)
  • copyright-Canada (3)
  • copyright: economics (10)
  • Copyright: Educational games (1)
  • Copyright: headlines (1)
  • copyright: journalist (3)
  • copyright: private copying (7)
  • Corona hoarding (1)
  • coronavirus (5)
  • coronavirus:aftermath (6)
  • Coronavirus:Agenda (1)
  • coronavirus:AI (2)
  • coronavirus:antitrust (47)
  • coronavirus:big tech (8)
  • coronavirus:data collaboratives (1)
  • coronavirus:data infrastructure (1)
  • coronavirus:digital platform (1)
  • coronavirus:disruption (1)
  • coronavirus:economics (1)
  • coronavirus:ethics (2)
  • coronavirus:innovation policy (1)
  • coronavirus:interoperability (4)
  • coronavirus:IP (8)
  • coronavirus:merger (3)
  • coronavirus:privacy (74)
  • coronavirus:state aid (5)
  • coronavirus:surveillance (2)
  • coronavirus:vaccines competition (1)
  • corporatism (1)
  • corruption and competition (3)
  • Costeja González/Google (3)
  • Coty (17)
  • Counterfactual test (5)
  • Counterfeiting (6)
  • country of origin (5)
  • coursepack (8)
  • Coyright (1)
  • CPRA (1)
  • CPTN (4)
  • CRaP product (1)
  • creative commons (22)
  • creative destruction (14)
  • creative economy (4)
  • creative impulses (1)
  • creativity (10)
  • credit cards (33)
  • Credit Default Swap (1)
  • credit score (3)
  • credit scoring (10)
  • creepiness choice (1)
  • Crémer/de Montjoye/Schweitzer Report (6)
  • criminal sanctions (6)
  • criminality and competition (2)
  • crisis cartel (4)
  • critical mass (3)
  • CRM market (3)
  • cross-border IP activities (2)
  • Cross-border merger control (5)
  • Cross-device tracking (4)
  • Crowdcube/Seedrs (1)
  • crowdfunding and copyright (1)
  • crowdsourcing (1)
  • Crowdstrike:data protection (1)
  • Crowdstrike:security (1)
  • crown witness (2)
  • Crypto mining (1)
  • Cryptocurrency (53)
  • cryptocurrency:antitrust (3)
  • Cryptocurrency:privacy (2)
  • CTS Eventim (1)
  • culture and competition policy (1)
  • culture hack (1)
  • cumulative innovation (1)
  • currency market (2)
  • current events (1)
  • customer proprietary information (1)
  • cyber insurance (1)
  • Cyber resilience act (1)
  • cyberlocker (1)
  • cybersecurity (14)
  • cybersquatting (1)
  • Cygna/Humana (1)
  • d (1)
  • Dailymotion (1)
  • Daimler/BMW (1)
  • Daimler/BMW/Car Sharing JV (2)
  • Dairy Products (2)
  • Damage action (9)
  • damaged goods (1)
  • damages actions directive (4)
  • damages from investigation (1)
  • damages quantification (8)
  • damages to the economy (1)
  • DAO (1)
  • Dark Data (1)
  • dark kitchen (1)
  • dark pattern (6)
  • dark patterns (2)
  • Dash Button (1)
  • dashboard (1)
  • data (2)
  • Data Act (22)
  • Data Act:agricultural data (1)
  • Data Act:cloud (2)
  • data advantage (2)
  • data altruism (4)
  • data analysis stickiness (1)
  • data and IP (1)
  • data and taxes (1)
  • data and trade (2)
  • data art (1)
  • Data as (7)
  • data as a basic right (1)
  • data as currency (7)
  • data as externality (1)
  • data as labour (8)
  • data as nuclear waste (1)
  • data availability (1)
  • Data breach (5)
  • data breach notofication (2)
  • Data bribe (1)
  • data broker (32)
  • data caps (2)
  • data club (1)
  • data collection (1)
  • data colonialism (2)
  • data combination (1)
  • data commons (9)
  • data conglomerate (2)
  • data contestability (1)
  • data control (8)
  • data control and aftermarkets (1)
  • data controller (1)
  • data curation (1)
  • data dashboard (1)
  • data deletion (1)
  • data dividend (1)
  • data economy (47)
  • data economy 2.0 (4)
  • Data efficiency (1)
  • data empowerment (2)
  • data ethics (7)
  • data financing (2)
  • data flow (5)
  • Data governance (29)
  • Data Governance Act (22)
  • data hoarding (3)
  • data infrastructure (12)
  • Data innovation (1)
  • data institution (8)
  • data intermediary (11)
  • data interoperability (10)
  • data leakage (1)
  • data localisation (3)
  • data locker (4)
  • data management platform (1)
  • data market (23)
  • data marketplaces (3)
  • data minimisation (2)
  • Data Mining (61)
  • data network effects (2)
  • data of general interest (2)
  • data openness (10)
  • data ownership (61)
  • data partnership (1)
  • data pool (9)
  • data portability (108)
  • data protection and behavioural (2)
  • data protection and competition (168)
  • data protection and copyright (4)
  • data protection and cyber security (3)
  • data protection and gender (1)
  • data protection and patents (1)
  • data protection and sustainability (1)
  • data protection authorities (5)
  • data protection breach (1)
  • data protection definition (1)
  • data protection innovation hub (1)
  • data protection remedies (1)
  • data protection sandbox (1)
  • data protection:class action (3)
  • Data protection:conflict of laws (1)
  • data retention (15)
  • data sandbox (2)
  • data sandbox: ethics (1)
  • data saturation (1)
  • data scraping (3)
  • data serfs (1)
  • data services market (1)
  • data share-alike (1)
  • data sharing (53)
  • data sharing agreement (4)
  • data sharing for public interest (2)
  • data sharing: privacy (2)
  • data sharing: research (2)
  • data sharing:B2G (1)
  • data sharing:code of conduct (1)
  • data sharing:economics (1)
  • data sharing:pharma (1)
  • data sharing:research (1)
  • data sovereignty (5)
  • data space (14)
  • Data spectrum (1)
  • data standardisation (2)
  • data stewardship arrangement (1)
  • data storage (2)
  • data strategy (9)
  • data throttling (1)
  • data transfer (17)
  • Data Transfer Project (1)
  • data trust (43)
  • Data types (1)
  • data unions (1)
  • data value (2)
  • data-driven consumer harm (1)
  • data-driven eyecare services (1)
  • data-driven innovation (5)
  • data-driven quality (1)
  • data-driven regulation (1)
  • data-opolies (1)
  • database (18)
  • database carte (1)
  • datagate (1)
  • dataïsme (1)
  • Dataleak (6)
  • datasharing (2)
  • Dateninstitut (1)
  • dating app (6)
  • dawn-raid (3)
  • de facto standard (1)
  • de minimis (1)
  • De-indexing (5)
  • decentralised finance (1)
  • decentralization (4)
  • Deception (2)
  • decision support service (1)
  • decode (2)
  • decoder (4)
  • deep fake (2)
  • deep learning (2)
  • Deep Linking (1)
  • DeepMind (4)
  • DeepMind:privacy (4)
  • default bias (4)
  • default settings (6)
  • DeFi (1)
  • degrading search results (1)
  • delisting (2)
  • demand rating (1)
  • demand-side remedies (1)
  • demonetization (1)
  • demonstrable accountability (1)
  • DEPA (1)
  • deplatforming (1)
  • deranking (1)
  • derivates (4)
  • derivative products and patent protection (1)
  • derivative works (4)
  • derivatives (3)
  • design copyright (1)
  • design patent (8)
  • Deterrence (5)
  • Developing countries and Antitrust (15)
  • Developing countries and IP (3)
  • Development Agenda (2)
  • device neutrality (3)
  • diagnostic data (1)
  • diesel (2)
  • differential pricing (2)
  • differential pricing: privacy (1)
  • differential privacy (11)
  • digital ad market (2)
  • digital addiction (1)
  • digital agenda (1)
  • digital agriculture (10)
  • digital and green (1)
  • digital city (1)
  • digital clearing house (9)
  • digital commons (4)
  • Digital Comparison Tools (2)
  • digital competition (1)
  • digital content contract (5)
  • digital content services portability (5)
  • digital contract (1)
  • digital cooperation (1)
  • Digital Copyright Exchange (2)
  • digital currency (7)
  • digital DNA (1)
  • Digital Economy (28)
  • digital euro (1)
  • digital extinction (1)
  • Digital Fairness (1)
  • digital financial infrastructure (1)
  • digital good (1)
  • digital health (4)
  • digital health data (3)
  • digital herd immunity (1)
  • digital identity (8)
  • digital infrastructure (8)
  • digital innovation (3)
  • digital justice (1)
  • digital libraries (15)
  • digital mapping services (1)
  • digital market (1)
  • digital marketplace (4)
  • Digital Markets Act (101)
  • Digital Markets Act:Designation (1)
  • Digital Markets Act:private enforcement (1)
  • Digital Markets Act:Trialogue (1)
  • Digital Markets Strategy (1)
  • Digital Markets Unit (22)
  • Digital mergers: theories of harm (2)
  • Digital News Initiative (1)
  • digital platform (5)
  • Digital Post-Covid (1)
  • Digital Power (1)
  • digital preservation (9)
  • digital public domain (5)
  • digital public infrastructure (6)
  • digital regulation (2)
  • Digital Regulation Cooperation Forum (3)
  • digital selves (1)
  • Digital Services Act (44)
  • Digital Services Act:fundamental rights (1)
  • digital sharing (1)
  • digital single market (9)
  • digital society (3)
  • digital sovereignty (27)
  • digital space (1)
  • digital sustainability (2)
  • digital trade (1)
  • digital transformation (2)
  • digital transparency (1)
  • Digital TV and privacy (1)
  • diligent search (1)
  • direction of innovation (2)
  • disclosure (1)
  • discovery costs (1)
  • discrimination (12)
  • discrimination bias (4)
  • disengaged consumer (1)
  • disgorgement (1)
  • disinformation (1)
  • disintermediation (1)
  • Disney (1)
  • Disney/Fox (3)
  • disparagement (9)
  • dispersion of power (1)
  • displacement (2)
  • display (1)
  • display abuse (1)
  • dispossession cycle (1)
  • disqualification (2)
  • Disruptive Innovation (188)
  • Disruptive Innovation:legal services (5)
  • disruptive regulation (1)
  • distinctive character (3)
  • distraction (1)
  • distribution cost charge (2)
  • distributive justice (1)
  • diversity in competition policy (3)
  • divestiture (4)
  • divisional patent (1)
  • DMA (1)
  • DMA and 102 (1)
  • DMA Effect (5)
  • DMA obligations:variants (1)
  • DMA:access to information (2)
  • DMA:AI (4)
  • DMA:anti-circumvention (2)
  • DMA:anti-steering (2)
  • DMA:app developers (1)
  • DMA:app store (23)
  • DMA:browsers (3)
  • DMA:Brussels Effect (1)
  • DMA:choice screen (1)
  • DMA:compliance by design (2)
  • DMA:compliance reports (1)
  • DMA:compliance workshops (1)
  • DMA:consent to data use (2)
  • DMA:data combination (2)
  • DMA:data portability (5)
  • DMA:data related obligations (1)
  • DMA:dawn raids (1)
  • DMA:defaults (1)
  • DMA:designation (14)
  • DMA:enforcement (13)
  • DMA:GDPR (1)
  • DMA:Gen AI (2)
  • DMA:goals (1)
  • DMA:Googleimplementation (1)
  • DMA:High level group (1)
  • DMA:HLG;DMA:artificial intelligence (1)
  • DMA:innovation (2)
  • DMA:interim relief (1)
  • DMA:interoperability (11)
  • DMA:judicial review (1)
  • DMA:Merger (2)
  • DMA:messaging interoperability (11)
  • DMA:more economic approach (3)
  • DMA:NCAs (1)
  • DMA:NFC (2)
  • DMA:participatory implementation (1)
  • DMA:profiling techniques (2)
  • DMA:rebuttal (1)
  • DMA:self preferencing (2)
  • DMA:self-executing (1)
  • DMA:sideloading (1)
  • DMA:tech challengers (3)
  • DMA:virtual assistant (1)
  • DMA:web app (4)
  • DMCA (21)
  • DMCA exceptions (6)
  • DMCA Notices (2)
  • DMCA Safe Harbors (9)
  • DMCC (2)
  • DMCC Bill (1)
  • DMUN (1)
  • DNA Sequence (1)
  • Do Not Track (24)
  • Document Delivery (9)
  • Dodd-Frank (1)
  • doj (1)
  • DOJ v. Apple (4)
  • DOJ/FTC Merger Guidelines (21)
  • domain names (7)
  • domain registrar and copyright (1)
  • dominant position (3)
  • dominant position and piracy (1)
  • dospersion of power (1)
  • double dipping (1)
  • Dow/DuPont (8)
  • DPIA (1)
  • Dragonfly (1)
  • DRAM (1)
  • drip pricing (1)
  • Dritter Korb (12)
  • driving score (1)
  • DRM (25)
  • droit de suite (2)
  • drones (8)
  • drones:privacy (1)
  • Drug (1)
  • drug switching (1)
  • DSA:Audits (1)
  • DSA:recommender system (1)
  • DSA:VLOP (1)
  • dual role (2)
  • DuckDuckGo (3)
  • Duplex (2)
  • dynamic analysis (5)
  • dynamic capabilities (2)
  • dynamic competition (14)
  • Dynamic economy (1)
  • dynamic pricing (18)
  • dynamic pricing:ban (1)
  • dynamic program generation (1)
  • E-Book (212)
  • E-Book and libraries (7)
  • e-book and personal data (2)
  • E-Book DRM (11)
  • E-book price fixing (40)
  • e-book royalty rate (1)
  • E-Book Settlement (19)
  • E-Book: standard (1)
  • E-Book: subscription model (4)
  • e-commerce (30)
  • e-commerce and IP (1)
  • e-commerece (1)
  • E-Learning (101)
  • E-Learning:privacy (5)
  • e-legal deposit (2)
  • E-Lending (40)
  • e-payment (1)
  • E-Reserves (30)
  • E2EE (1)
  • eavesdropping (1)
  • Ebay (6)
  • ECHR (1)
  • ECN (5)
  • ecology (3)
  • Economic crisis (20)
  • Economic Freedom (1)
  • economic moat (1)
  • economic populism (3)
  • economic rents (1)
  • economic termites (1)
  • Economics (8)
  • economics of attention (5)
  • Economics of copyright (6)
  • Economics of Free (11)
  • Economics of IP (7)
  • economics of publishing (3)
  • ecosystem (39)
  • ecosystem competition (2)
  • ecosystem failure (1)
  • ecosystem:privacy (1)
  • edge computing (1)
  • eDI (1)
  • EdTech (3)
  • Education (2)
  • Education and competition law (2)
  • Education and Copyright (7)
  • education data (1)
  • educational apps (1)
  • EECC (1)
  • effective competition standard (1)
  • effects (2)
  • effects doctrine (1)
  • effects-based approach (3)
  • efficiencies and abuse of dominant position (1)
  • efficiencies in merger analysis (7)
  • efficiency claims (5)
  • EGA2012 (1)
  • egress fees (2)
  • Egypt (1)
  • electric car (7)
  • electric vehicle charging (4)
  • electronic communications services (1)
  • Electronic dissertations (1)
  • electronic resources (1)
  • Elektronische Leseplätze in Bibliotheken (5)
  • Elsevier/SSRN (3)
  • embedding (3)
  • embedding infringed material (1)
  • emojis (1)
  • emotion economy (1)
  • emotion recognition market (1)
  • encryption (14)
  • endorsements (3)
  • Energiewende (2)
  • energy markets (32)
  • Engineering-forward approach to policymaking (1)
  • enshittification (1)
  • Entertainment Industry (1)
  • Entflechtung (17)
  • entrenchement (2)
  • Entrepreneurial State (1)
  • entry deterrent role of market power (1)
  • entry-delaying settlement (1)
  • enveloping (2)
  • environmental data (1)
  • environmental law and competition (2)
  • EPO-WIPO (1)
  • ePrivacy (28)
  • equally efficient competitor (2)
  • equitable interoperability (1)
  • equitable remuneration (4)
  • equity capital market (1)
  • essential data (3)
  • essential facility (11)
  • EssilorLuxottica/GrandVision (2)
  • EssilorLuxottica/Lenstec (2)
  • EU antimonopoly movement (4)
  • EU competition enforcement (1)
  • EU Competition Policy (5)
  • EU copyright policy (6)
  • EU Data Protection Reform 2012 (153)
  • EU data strategy (10)
  • EU Google (1)
  • EU Intel (1)
  • EU IP Enforcement (3)
  • EU Merger Control (4)
  • EU Merger Control: ecosystem theory of harm (1)
  • EU Merger Control: Technological Progress (1)
  • EU Merger Control:revision (1)
  • EU merger policy reform (2)
  • EU metaverse initiative (3)
  • EU Microsoft (12)
  • EU New Competition Tool (3)
  • EU Patent (5)
  • EU Report on Competition Policy (1)
  • EU standards (1)
  • EUCS (1)
  • euribor (7)
  • euroeana (1)
  • European Champion (12)
  • European Competition Model (3)
  • European Copyright Code (1)
  • European Data agency (1)
  • european digital identity (3)
  • European Digital Markets Unit (1)
  • European Health Data Space (5)
  • European IP Policy (1)
  • European Parliament (1)
  • European Social Sphere (1)
  • European Tourism Data Space (1)
  • European Trade Mark (1)
  • Europeana (10)
  • Ever (2)
  • Everalbum (1)
  • evergreening (4)
  • evidence exchange (1)
  • Evidence in Antitrust (5)
  • evolutionary algorithm (1)
  • evolutionary competition policy (11)
  • ex-ante data protection (1)
  • ex-ante evaluation of competition policy (1)
  • ex-ante intervention (2)
  • ex-ante pro-competition regulation (11)
  • ex-ante regulation (8)
  • Ex-ante:comparison (1)
  • Ex-post evaluation of competition policy (10)
  • ex-post merger control (1)
  • excessive data extraction (1)
  • Excessive pricing (38)
  • excessive privacy conditions (1)
  • exclusionary abuse (16)
  • exclusive dealing (22)
  • exclusive purchase (1)
  • exclusivité (3)
  • exclusivity rebates (6)
  • Executive Order:AI (1)
  • Exemption (1)
  • exhaust data (1)
  • exhaustion (25)
  • Expedia/Orbitz (4)
  • Experian/ClearScore (3)
  • experience age (1)
  • Experience Economy (2)
  • expert evidence (1)
  • exploitative abuse (12)
  • exploitative prices (5)
  • export cartel (1)
  • exposure notification (1)
  • expression (1)
  • expression/idea (4)
  • extended collective licensing (8)
  • extended warranties (1)
  • extradition (6)
  • Extraterritorial reach of competition law (5)
  • Eyewear market (1)
  • Face Pay (1)
  • face recognition (4)
  • Facebook (58)
  • Facebook Antitrust France (1)
  • Facebook comma (1)
  • Facebook data:antitrust (5)
  • Facebook FTC (1)
  • Facebook Marketplace (3)
  • Facebook Pay (1)
  • Facebook: antitrust (125)
  • Facebook: Breakup (5)
  • Facebook: Privacy (134)
  • Facebook:consent decree (3)
  • Facebook:consumer protection (4)
  • Facebook:cryptocurrency (2)
  • Facebook:data (4)
  • Facebook:discrimination (1)
  • Facebook:ethics (1)
  • Facebook:payments (3)
  • Facebook:privacy (6)
  • Facebook:unfair commercial practices (3)
  • Facebook/Giphy (20)
  • Facebook/Jio (6)
  • Facebook/Kustomer (6)
  • Facebook/Oculus (4)
  • Facebook/Tbh (1)
  • Facial recognition (21)
  • Facial recognition:privacy (8)
  • failing firm defence (6)
  • fair compensation (6)
  • Fair competition (1)
  • fair data economy (1)
  • Fair dealing (11)
  • Fair dealing circumvention exception (1)
  • fair price (1)
  • Fair use (67)
  • Fair Use and patent examination (2)
  • fair use and visual arts (1)
  • Fair use in the EU (4)
  • Fair use: amount of the portion used (1)
  • Fair-Share (1)
  • fairness (7)
  • fairness by design (1)
  • fake news (53)
  • false negatives (1)
  • false positive (1)
  • family circle (1)
  • fan game (1)
  • fashion (8)
  • fashion: privacy (2)
  • fast data (1)
  • favourable treatment (1)
  • fear (1)
  • fee-shifting in patent cases (4)
  • feminist data protection (1)
  • file sharing (11)
  • Film (2)
  • film subsciption model (1)
  • filmmaker (1)
  • Filtering (6)
  • filtering algorithm (2)
  • Financial Fair Play (2)
  • financial infrastructure (1)
  • financial power (1)
  • financial regulation and competition policy (2)
  • Financial services (10)
  • financial stability (5)
  • financialisation (4)
  • fines (1)
  • fines:destination (1)
  • fingerprint (2)
  • Finsta (1)
  • fintech (217)
  • fintech patents (3)
  • fintech: algorithmic bias (1)
  • fintech:antitrust (6)
  • fintech:money laundering (1)
  • fintech:privacy (9)
  • fintech:security (5)
  • First mover feedback advantage (1)
  • First Sale Doctrine (39)
  • first-party consumer data (1)
  • FIS/Worldpay (1)
  • fitness tracking (2)
  • fitness wearable industry (2)
  • Flash Cookie (3)
  • flat rate (5)
  • flight booking (1)
  • FlixBus (1)
  • folklore (1)
  • follow-on (4)
  • follower-buying service (1)
  • food chain (3)
  • food retail chain (6)
  • food sector (5)
  • Fordham IP (1)
  • foreclosure (1)
  • foreign direct investment (5)
  • foreign exchange (1)
  • foreign sovereign compulsion (3)
  • foreign subsidies (5)
  • Forensic economics in competition law (1)
  • Forex (5)
  • fork (15)
  • Formula One (1)
  • Fortnite (21)
  • foundation model (6)
  • foundation model:open access (3)
  • fragmentation (4)
  • Framework for merger review cooperation (1)
  • framing (2)
  • franchise (4)
  • FRAND (70)
  • free flow of data (6)
  • free-riding (7)
  • freedom of choice (2)
  • freedom of expression (2)
  • freedom of panorama (8)
  • freemium (2)
  • frenemy dynamic (1)
  • Fritzbox (1)
  • frontrunning (1)
  • frühes Eingreifen (1)
  • fruit compote (1)
  • FTA (1)
  • FTAIA (2)
  • FTC (3)
  • FTC AI regulation (1)
  • FTC v. Meta (1)
  • FTC:commercial surveillance (4)
  • FTC/Facebook 2019 Settlement (2)
  • fuel industry competition exemption (1)
  • fuel price data (3)
  • Fuel sector (1)
  • fuel surcharge (1)
  • full content (3)
  • functional sovereignty (1)
  • fundamental rights (4)
  • funeral services (1)
  • Furman Review (24)
  • Future of Europe (1)
  • G20 (1)
  • GAFA (1)
  • GAIA-X (8)
  • Galaxy (10)
  • game data (1)
  • games (7)
  • Games Store (1)
  • gas market (20)
  • Gasoline (14)
  • gatekeeper (3)
  • gatekeeper designation (1)
  • gatekeeper matryoshka (1)
  • Gatekeepers:freedom of expression (1)
  • Gazprom (21)
  • GDPR (78)
  • GDPR: access to data (4)
  • GDPR: adtech; GDPR: consent; (3)
  • GDPR: algorithmic decision making (3)
  • GDPR: big tech (3)
  • GDPR: consent (5)
  • GDPR: fairness (2)
  • GDPR: history (1)
  • GDPR: identity verification (1)
  • GDPR: one stop shop (1)
  • GDPR: research (4)
  • GDPR:AI (1)
  • GDPR:automated decision (2)
  • GDPR:broad consent (1)
  • GDPR:bundling (1)
  • GDPR:code of conduct (1)
  • GDPR:cybersecurity (1)
  • GDPR:economic effects (1)
  • GDPR:enforcement (9)
  • GDPR:fines (5)
  • GDPR:innovation (2)
  • GDPR:legitimate interest (2)
  • GDPR:proportionality (1)
  • GDPR:spillover effects (1)
  • GDS market (1)
  • GenAI:economics (1)
  • GenAI:freedom of expression (1)
  • gene patents (7)
  • general interest data (2)
  • General Purpose AI:value chain (1)
  • Generative AI (11)
  • Generative AI and competition (20)
  • Generative AI and copyright (7)
  • Generative AI:AI Act (3)
  • Generative AI:competition (12)
  • Generative AI:data harvesting (2)
  • Generative AI:DSA (1)
  • Generative AI:freedom of expression (2)
  • Generative AI:GDPR (1)
  • Generative AI:human rights (1)
  • Generative AI:interoperability (1)
  • Generative AI:media (1)
  • generative design (1)
  • generic cartel (1)
  • generic market (1)
  • generics (42)
  • generics market (1)
  • genetic resources (1)
  • geo-blocking (62)
  • geo-filtering (1)
  • geo-location enabled apps (3)
  • geo-targeting advertising (1)
  • geoblocking (10)
  • geodata (3)
  • geographic market definition (2)
  • geographical indications (4)
  • geopolitical crisis and competition policy (2)
  • geospatial data (1)
  • German cement case (1)
  • German merger control (1)
  • gig economy (4)
  • global data system (1)
  • global digital compact (1)
  • Global Innovation Index (2)
  • Global South (2)
  • Global value chain (3)
  • Globalization (2)
  • GMail (2)
  • Gmail:privacy (1)
  • Google (13)
  • Google + (3)
  • Google Ads (4)
  • Google AdSense (4)
  • Google AdWords (8)
  • Google AGs antitrust investigation (4)
  • Google algorithm update (3)
  • Google and merger policy (4)
  • Google and the Law (3)
  • Google and unfair competition (1)
  • Google Android Auto (1)
  • Google Antitrust France (3)
  • Google Antitrust Italy (2)
  • Google Assistant (1)
  • Google Book Search (5)
  • Google Book Settlement (10)
  • google books (32)
  • Google Books private settlement (2)
  • Google Books Settlement (35)
  • Google Brain (1)
  • Google China (1)
  • Google Chrome (2)
  • Google Classroom (1)
  • Google Cloud (3)
  • Google data:competition (4)
  • Google Flight (3)
  • Google for Jobs (1)
  • Google France Antitrust (1)
  • Google Glass (1)
  • Google Health (1)
  • Google Hearing (2)
  • Google Hotel Finder (3)
  • Google Image Search (4)
  • Google Jobs Widget (1)
  • Google Livres (4)
  • Google Maps (21)
  • Google Maps: abuse of dominant position (12)
  • Google Meet (2)
  • Google News (59)
  • Google News Showcase (3)
  • Google Now (1)
  • Google Online Ads (4)
  • Google patents (2)
  • Google Pay (8)
  • Google Photos (1)
  • google Play Services (1)
  • Google Play Store (19)
  • Google Play Store:antitrust (4)
  • Google privacy policy (61)
  • Google reCAPTCHA (1)
  • Google retail (1)
  • google s (1)
  • Google scraping (1)
  • Google Search (320)
  • Google Search on mobile (8)
  • Google Search:DOJ (8)
  • Google Semantics (1)
  • Google Shopping (72)
  • Google Shopping Actions (1)
  • Google Stadia (1)
  • Google Street View (4)
  • Google Suggest (3)
  • Google Texas (1)
  • Google Wireless (1)
  • Google-Facebook Deal (1)
  • Google-FTC (4)
  • Google-Salesforce (1)
  • Google-Samsung (1)
  • Google: adtech (2)
  • Google: Italy (2)
  • Google: Local Search (2)
  • Google: misleading advertisements (2)
  • Google: Texas Complaints (1)
  • Google:19a GWB (4)
  • Google:AI (1)
  • Google:Android Advertising ID (1)
  • Google:Breakup (3)
  • Google:consent (1)
  • Google:data portability (2)
  • Google:eprivacy (1)
  • Google:privacy (1)
  • Google:Privacy Sandbox (13)
  • Google:public utility (1)
  • Google's economic impact (1)
  • Google's privacy sandbox (2)
  • Google/AdMob (5)
  • Google/Anthropic (1)
  • Google/Carrefour (1)
  • Google/Doubleclick (9)
  • Google/Fitbit (41)
  • Google/Gema (2)
  • Google/HTC (2)
  • Google/ITA (9)
  • Google/Jio (2)
  • Google/Kaggle (1)
  • Google/Looker (5)
  • Google/MailOnline (1)
  • Google/Motorola Mobility (8)
  • Google/Nest (5)
  • Google/Roku (1)
  • Google/Waze (17)
  • Google/Yahoo (1)
  • GPEN (1)
  • GPL (10)
  • GPL and Trademark Law (1)
  • GPS (3)
  • Grab/Uber (14)
  • Grading:GDPR (1)
  • graduated response (4)
  • graph (1)
  • greater competition (1)
  • Greece (1)
  • greedflation (1)
  • Green Growth (2)
  • greenwashing (2)
  • grid data (1)
  • grid-based management system (1)
  • Grindr (1)
  • Grocery Merger (1)
  • gTLD (6)
  • guerilla open access (1)
  • GUI (1)
  • gun jumping (2)
  • GWB-Novelle (27)
  • hacking (6)
  • Hadopi (24)
  • hadopy (1)
  • Happiness (1)
  • Happy Birthday (1)
  • hard-core cartel (1)
  • Hargreaves Report (27)
  • harm quantification (4)
  • Harmony (1)
  • hashing (1)
  • Hashtag trademark (1)
  • Hatch-Waxman (2)
  • hate speech (5)
  • HathiTrust (25)
  • Hayek (13)
  • health (4)
  • health data (14)
  • health data space (3)
  • health research (1)
  • health: privacy (20)
  • heteromation (1)
  • hidden advertising (1)
  • high-value datasets (1)
  • higher education market (1)
  • Hipster Antitrust (2)
  • holistic approach (6)
  • home insurance (1)
  • horizontal agreement (12)
  • Hosting provider (3)
  • Hot News Doctrine (2)
  • hotel booking (13)
  • Hotfile (2)
  • Houseparty (1)
  • hub and spokes (4)
  • hub-and-spoke (1)
  • Hugging Face (1)
  • human dignity (2)
  • human dignity by design (1)
  • human embryo (1)
  • human exception (1)
  • human hacking (1)
  • human in the loop (1)
  • human rights (8)
  • human rights on the Internet (1)
  • human side of the equation (1)
  • hybrid world (1)
  • hydra argument (2)
  • hyperlink (18)
  • Hyperpersonalization (1)
  • I have a dream (1)
  • IBM (4)
  • IBM/Red Hat (3)
  • ICANN (30)
  • ice cream (3)
  • ICE/Black Knight (1)
  • iCloud (4)
  • ICN (15)
  • ICN 2010 (4)
  • ICN 2010 Cartel Workshop (1)
  • ICN 2010 Unilateral Conduct (2)
  • ICN 2011 (3)
  • ICN 2012 (3)
  • ICN 2013 (2)
  • ICN 2020 (3)
  • ICN 2023 (1)
  • ICN 2024 (1)
  • ICN Curriculum Project (1)
  • ICN Merger (1)
  • ICN New Decade (2)
  • ICO (7)
  • ICPAC (1)
  • ICT (1)
  • ICT Development Index (1)
  • IDFA (1)
  • IEEE 7000 (1)
  • Illegal source (1)
  • Illumina/Grail (7)
  • Illumina/PacBio (5)
  • image sharing (1)
  • immunity passport (1)
  • Impala v. YouTube (3)
  • Implied Antitrust Immunity (1)
  • import ban (2)
  • in-store conversion tracking (1)
  • INA v. Youtube (1)
  • incentives (8)
  • incentives balance test (1)
  • incentives to innovate (21)
  • incentivized agency (1)
  • Incidental copy (2)
  • incipient merger policy (2)
  • inclusive prosperity (1)
  • increasing-returns-fueled dominance (1)
  • Incumbent Innovation (2)
  • India (32)
  • india:AI policy (1)
  • India:ex ante (6)
  • India:Google (1)
  • India:privacy (8)
  • indirect purchaser (3)
  • individual sanctions (1)
  • Induced Infringement (1)
  • industrial competitivess (1)
  • industrial data (2)
  • Industrial Internet (3)
  • industrial IoT (3)
  • industrial policy (3)
  • industrial policy:conditionalities (1)
  • Industrie 4.0 (1)
  • industry sandbox (1)
  • inequality (3)
  • inequitable conduct (1)
  • infant formula (1)
  • inferences (1)
  • inferred data (1)
  • inflation (1)
  • influencers (1)
  • infomediaries (1)
  • infopaq (1)
  • informal economy and competition (1)
  • Informal Economy and Innovation (1)
  • information bank (2)
  • information exchange (32)
  • information fiduciary (4)
  • information integrity (2)
  • information market and IP (3)
  • information society service (1)
  • informational capitalism (1)
  • informed consent (4)
  • InfoSoc Directive (1)
  • infrastructural platform (1)
  • infringement (1)
  • inheritable rights for digital assets (1)
  • injunction (5)
  • InnoCar (1)
  • Innovation (19)
  • innovation and big science (3)
  • innovation capabilities (1)
  • innovation competition (14)
  • Innovation Conference (2)
  • innovation defense (1)
  • innovation diversity (1)
  • innovation effects (1)
  • innovation exception (1)
  • innovation harms (1)
  • Innovation hub (7)
  • innovation measurement (5)
  • innovation neutrality (2)
  • innovation policy (3)
  • innovation rhetoric (1)
  • innovation space (1)
  • innovation-related theory of harm (1)
  • innovative capacities (1)
  • innovative market (12)
  • innovative State (1)
  • insight manager (2)
  • insights gatekeepers (1)
  • Instagram (13)
  • Instagram:consumer protection (1)
  • InstaPy (1)
  • institutional investors (3)
  • institutional issues in competition policy (5)
  • insurance (9)
  • InsurTech (1)
  • Intangible-intensive economy (1)
  • intangibles (1)
  • Intel (18)
  • Intel FTC (5)
  • Intel/AMD (1)
  • intellectual monopoly (1)
  • intellectual property (2)
  • Intelligent infrastructure (1)
  • intent (1)
  • intentcasting (1)
  • intention economy (2)
  • inter-regional interchange fees (1)
  • inter-regional transactions (1)
  • interactive clothing design (1)
  • interactive textile (1)
  • interbank fees (1)
  • interchange fees (12)
  • interest in the result of the case (1)
  • interface (11)
  • interim injunction (2)
  • interim measures in competition policy (14)
  • interledger access (1)
  • interlocking directorates (1)
  • intermediate goods (1)
  • Internality (1)
  • International AI Governance (2)
  • International Antitrust Law (22)
  • international cartel investigation (11)
  • international comity (1)
  • International Competition Policy (47)
  • International copyright law (2)
  • international data flows (4)
  • international trade and personal data (1)
  • Internet (30)
  • Internet Access (5)
  • Internet as a commons (1)
  • Internet Bill of Rights (1)
  • internet browsing (3)
  • Internet censorship (2)
  • Internet Competition (13)
  • Internet economy (3)
  • Internet fraud (1)
  • Internet Intermediaries (2)
  • internet of bodies (1)
  • Internet of Everything (1)
  • Internet of things (82)
  • Internet of things and competition policy (19)
  • Internet of things:liability (3)
  • Internet of things:privacy (19)
  • Internet of things:security (12)
  • Internet of things:standards (2)
  • internet protocol (1)
  • Internet rights (1)
  • internet sales (2)
  • internet search auction (2)
  • Internet Search Competition (1)
  • Internet shutdown (1)
  • Internet trolling (1)
  • Internet und digitale Gesellschaft (2)
  • Internetrecht (1)
  • Interoperability (100)
  • Interoperability:messaging services (17)
  • interoperability:social network (2)
  • interplatform competition (15)
  • intersted third party in the administrative proceeding (1)
  • intervention in jidicial proceedings (1)
  • Intesa/UBI (1)
  • intraplatform competition (9)
  • Intuit/Credit Karma (2)
  • Intuit/Mailchimp (1)
  • invention (1)
  • invention commercialization (1)
  • inventiveness (1)
  • investment platform (1)
  • investor-state dispute settlement clause (1)
  • invitation to collude (1)
  • iOS:privacy (1)
  • IoT:standard (1)
  • IP abuse:TRIPS (1)
  • ip address (2)
  • IP and competition: OECD (1)
  • IP and ethics (3)
  • ip and fundamental rights (3)
  • IP and Innovation (9)
  • IP and litigation (1)
  • IP and regulation (1)
  • IP and sport (2)
  • IP and Trade (5)
  • IP as barrier to entry (1)
  • IP Enforcement (3)
  • IP Enforcement and abuse of dominant position (3)
  • IP exemption (1)
  • IP exhaustion (12)
  • IP experiments (1)
  • IP Harm (1)
  • IP industries (1)
  • IP Infringement (5)
  • IP internationally (1)
  • IP justification (1)
  • IP law reform (1)
  • IP licence (7)
  • IP market (1)
  • IP Microsoft (2)
  • IP negotiation (2)
  • IP ownership (1)
  • IP Report (1)
  • IP scope (1)
  • IP Strategies (4)
  • IP tracking (1)
  • IP valuation (1)
  • IP-Antitrust (25)
  • IP: consumer welfare (1)
  • IP:introduction (1)
  • iPad (2)
  • iPhone (23)
  • IPO (1)
  • Ireland (1)
  • ISP (57)
  • ISP and freedom of expression (2)
  • ISP copyright liability (20)
  • ISP privacy liability (2)
  • ISP trademark liability (1)
  • Italian competition policy (5)
  • Italian NCT (1)
  • Italy (1)
  • ITC (3)
  • ITU (1)
  • iTunes (1)
  • jailbreaking (1)
  • Japan (3)
  • Java (4)
  • JD Sports/Footasylum (1)
  • Jedi Blue (1)
  • JetBlue/Spirit (2)
  • Joint Technology Competition Policy Dialogue (1)
  • jokes (1)
  • journals embargo (1)
  • judges and competition law (1)
  • judicial review (1)
  • judicial review of EU competition law (5)
  • jurisdiction (1)
  • Karstadt/Kaufhof (1)
  • Kaspersky (1)
  • Kenya:competition law (2)
  • Kenya:digitization and human rights (1)
  • keyword advertising (3)
  • Khan FTC (2)
  • kidneys (1)
  • killer acquisition (60)
  • Killer app (1)
  • Kindle Worlds (1)
  • Kit Kat (1)
  • knitting and sewing (1)
  • knowledge asymmetry (3)
  • knowledge economy (1)
  • Kodak (1)
  • Kroger/Albertsons (1)
  • labor market (2)
  • labor platform (2)
  • labour market (7)
  • land registry (1)
  • Law and Economics (5)
  • law and tech (1)
  • law automation (1)
  • law of nature and patentability (2)
  • Law Society (1)
  • laws of robotics (1)
  • Lawyers and competition (1)
  • lead generator (1)
  • lead jurisdiction (2)
  • learning effect (1)
  • learning platform (1)
  • Leegin (5)
  • Legal Deposit (1)
  • Legal privilege (1)
  • legal profession (3)
  • Legal standards (1)
  • legal tech (1)
  • legitimate interests (1)
  • Lego (2)
  • Leistungsschutzrecht für Presseverleger (156)
  • lending (1)
  • leniency (21)
  • leniency plus (1)
  • level playing field (1)
  • Lex Apple Pay (11)
  • Lex Facebook (1)
  • lex mercatoria (1)
  • LGPL (1)
  • liberalization (11)
  • libertarian paternalism (1)
  • libor (17)
  • Libra (81)
  • Libra Effect (1)
  • Libra:competition (12)
  • Libra:monetary policy (2)
  • Libra:privacy (3)
  • Libra/Diem (2)
  • Librarian of Congress (1)
  • Libraries and copyright (38)
  • libraries and privacy (2)
  • Libraries: Evolution (12)
  • Library (3)
  • Licence interoperability (2)
  • lifeline data package (1)
  • limitations and exceptions (10)
  • Lina Khan (1)
  • lines of business restrictions (1)
  • LinkedIn/HiQ (6)
  • linking (15)
  • linkîng and communication to the public (4)
  • Linking und Grundrechte (2)
  • Lisbon Treaty (1)
  • list prices (1)
  • listing (1)
  • Live (1)
  • Live music ticket retailing (14)
  • live streaming app (2)
  • living public domain (1)
  • LLM:collusion (1)
  • LLM:open source (1)
  • Lloyds/HBOS (1)
  • lobbying (23)
  • LOBR (2)
  • local anticompetitive practices (1)
  • location data (19)
  • location-based advertising (1)
  • location-based services on mobile phones (4)
  • logistics platform (2)
  • Longue Durée Competition Policy (1)
  • loss aversion (1)
  • loyalty penalty (2)
  • loyalty rebates (21)
  • loyauté des plateformes (5)
  • LSE/Refinitiv (2)
  • lucrum cessans (1)
  • Lufthansa (1)
  • Lufthansa/Air Berlin (1)
  • Luxury image (1)
  • luxury marketplace (1)
  • M2M (1)
  • machine ethics (1)
  • machine learning framework competition (1)
  • machine-generated data (4)
  • made in (3)
  • Magna/Karmann (1)
  • mainframe services (1)
  • make an offer (1)
  • making available (2)
  • managers' liability for competition infringments (1)
  • Mandatory Bargaining Code (4)
  • mandatory code (1)
  • Mandatory copyright formalities (1)
  • Manipulation (7)
  • Margin Squeeze (10)
  • market (1)
  • market concentration (9)
  • Market Definition (16)
  • market design (1)
  • market engineering (1)
  • market failure (1)
  • market for buzz (2)
  • market for elevator maintenance (1)
  • market for inventions (1)
  • market inertia (1)
  • market investigation (4)
  • market manipulation (1)
  • market of ex-regulators (1)
  • market power (5)
  • market regulation (1)
  • market shaping (1)
  • market study (2)
  • market transparency (3)
  • market-based finance (1)
  • market-leading online platform (1)
  • market-shaping approach (1)
  • marketing analytics data (1)
  • marketplace (1)
  • marketplace ban (6)
  • marketplace discount (1)
  • marketplace lending (1)
  • marketplace restriction (1)
  • marketplace:AI (1)
  • Marketplace:unfair practices (2)
  • marquee customer (1)
  • Marsden/Podszun Report (3)
  • mash-up (4)
  • master algorithm (1)
  • Mastercard/Nets (2)
  • Mastodon (3)
  • matching economy (2)
  • matchmaking event (1)
  • Maverick (8)
  • maximum price-fixing (1)
  • meat market (1)
  • media (6)
  • media code (1)
  • media concentration (1)
  • media convergence (3)
  • media merger (1)
  • medical imaging industry (1)
  • medicine price transparency (1)
  • Medtech (3)
  • MegaUpload (7)
  • meme (1)
  • Memorandum of Understanding on the sale of Counterfeit Goods sold over the Internet (1)
  • mental digital sovereignty (1)
  • mental model (1)
  • Merchandising (2)
  • merchant restraint (1)
  • Merger (16)
  • Merger among Nonprofits (1)
  • merger and abuse (1)
  • merger and algorithm (1)
  • merger and business costs (1)
  • merger and innovation effects (66)
  • merger and IP (3)
  • merger and national security (3)
  • merger and sharing economy (1)
  • merger and systemic risk (1)
  • merger control and the courts (2)
  • merger control:irrelevance by design (2)
  • merger decision withdrawal (1)
  • merger fees (1)
  • Merger in Russia (1)
  • merger moratorium (1)
  • merger notification obligation extended (1)
  • merger pattern (1)
  • merger policy awakening (2)
  • Merger Policy: Non-Price Considerations (5)
  • merger policy: objectives (7)
  • Merger Policy: Underenforcement (8)
  • Merger Proceeding (2)
  • merger remedies (10)
  • Merger Review Cooperation in the EU (1)
  • merger review cooperation internationally (8)
  • merger survey (1)
  • merger threshold (6)
  • merger: definition (1)
  • merger: waiting period (1)
  • merger:incorrect or misleading information (1)
  • merger:interim measure (1)
  • merger:structural presumption (3)
  • mergers after cartels (1)
  • Messaging platform (4)
  • Meta (3)
  • Meta ruling (3)
  • meta search engine (4)
  • Meta:102 (3)
  • Meta:fundamental rights (1)
  • Meta:privacy (5)
  • Meta/Luxexcel (1)
  • Meta/Supernatural (3)
  • Meta/Within (9)
  • metadata (5)
  • metasearch engine (1)
  • Metaverse (35)
  • Metaverse:competition (3)
  • Metaverse:DSA (1)
  • Metaverse:merger control (1)
  • MeToo (1)
  • Mexico (8)
  • MFN and hotel online booking: paper notes (20)
  • Microphone-enabled devices:privacy (1)
  • Microsoft (13)
  • Microsoft Defender (1)
  • Microsoft Edge (2)
  • Microsoft patents (1)
  • Microsoft Teams (6)
  • Microsoft v. EU Commission (1)
  • Microsoft v. Google (1)
  • Microsoft_Hispanilux (1)
  • microsoft-Dilemma (1)
  • Microsoft:antivirus (1)
  • Microsoft:German competition law (1)
  • Microsoft:privacy (12)
  • Microsoft:Surveillance (3)
  • Microsoft/Activision Blizzard (18)
  • Microsoft/GitHub (14)
  • Microsoft/LinkedIn (27)
  • Microsoft/Minecraft (1)
  • Microsoft/Motorola (1)
  • Microsoft/Nuance (3)
  • Microsoft/Skype (3)
  • Microsoft/TikTok (2)
  • Microsoft/Yahoo (2)
  • Microsoft/ZeniMax (1)
  • Microtargeting (1)
  • midata (9)
  • MiFID (1)
  • Milk prices (2)
  • mimi (1)
  • minimisation (2)
  • Ministererlaubnis (7)
  • minority shareholding (11)
  • misallocation of talent (1)
  • misleading information in merger analysis (2)
  • misleading information in pharma (1)
  • misuse of market power (1)
  • Mobeewave (1)
  • mobile adds and privacy (1)
  • mobile competition (4)
  • Mobile devices (6)
  • mobile identity (2)
  • Mobile OS (6)
  • mobile phones market (4)
  • Mobile Privacy (14)
  • mobile sensor data (2)
  • mobile services market (1)
  • mobile wallet (1)
  • mobility platform (2)
  • model clause (1)
  • model disgorgement (1)
  • Modelling sector (2)
  • models cartel (2)
  • money-transfer (1)
  • monopolization (2)
  • Monopolkommission (1)
  • monopoly (1)
  • monopsony (4)
  • Monsanto (3)
  • MOOC (7)
  • moral economy of data (1)
  • moral right (7)
  • more economic approach (81)
  • more psychological approach (1)
  • more techno-economic approach (2)
  • more technological approach (103)
  • more technological approach: enforcement (1)
  • most favoured nation (201)
  • motor vehicle sector (9)
  • motorway (1)
  • movie piracy (5)
  • movies licensing (3)
  • movies on pay tv (15)
  • MSP-complementor relationship (2)
  • MTurk:privacy (1)
  • multi-cloud (1)
  • multi-sided platform (72)
  • multicloud (1)
  • multihoming (5)
  • multilateralism (1)
  • museum art images (6)
  • music in the cloud (1)
  • Music Piracy (10)
  • music publisher (1)
  • music remix (2)
  • music revenues (1)
  • music sales (2)
  • music streaming (45)
  • music streaming: antitrust (7)
  • mydata (1)
  • mydex (1)
  • Mylan/Upjohn (2)
  • naked restriction (1)
  • nanotargeting (1)
  • Napster (3)
  • narrow MFN (47)
  • nascent acquisition (4)
  • nascent competition (9)
  • national (1)
  • national champions (4)
  • National domains (1)
  • national treatment (1)
  • nationalism and competition law (1)
  • natural experiment (1)
  • NCA (14)
  • NCA's independence (12)
  • NCA's responsability (2)
  • NCAA (6)
  • NCAA antitrust exemption (1)
  • NDPA independence (3)
  • NDPA: resources (1)
  • negative externalities (2)
  • negative externalities among consumers (1)
  • Negative matching (1)
  • nespresso patent (1)
  • Nessie (1)
  • Net Neutrality (153)
  • Netchoice (2)
  • netflix (10)
  • Netflix:privacy (1)
  • Netherlands (1)
  • Netscape moment (1)
  • network effects (14)
  • Network Industries (5)
  • neurotechnology:privacy (1)
  • New Antitrust Legislation (1)
  • New Brandeis movement (58)
  • New Competition Tool (14)
  • new public (2)
  • new technology (1)
  • New York Antitrust Law (1)
  • News aggregator (3)
  • news antitrust exemption (1)
  • News Corporation/BSkyB (1)
  • News Media Bargaining Code (3)
  • NFC (23)
  • NGIS (1)
  • niche entry (1)
  • Nigeria (1)
  • Nike (1)
  • NIS (1)
  • NLFT (2)
  • no-authorized generics (1)
  • no-poaching (3)
  • Nobel (2)
  • noble competition (1)
  • Non-appealing cartelist (1)
  • non-compete clause (3)
  • non-consumptive use exception (2)
  • non-coordinated (1)
  • non-fungible tokens (5)
  • non-fungible tokens:copyright (1)
  • non-intrusive cookies (1)
  • non-personal data (6)
  • non-personal data:regulation (5)
  • non-poaching agreement (2)
  • non-price predation (1)
  • Nondisclosure clause (1)
  • Noodles Cartel (1)
  • North Africa and competition policy (1)
  • notice (1)
  • notorious pirate sites (2)
  • Novell (3)
  • Now (1)
  • Now on Tap (1)
  • nowcasting radar (1)
  • NPE (6)
  • nudge (4)
  • Nustay (2)
  • NVIDIA (3)
  • Nvidia/Arm (3)
  • Nvidia/Run:ai (1)
  • NYT (1)
  • Obama Antitrust (5)
  • objective justification (1)
  • OECD (3)
  • OER (1)
  • oeuvres indisponibles (22)
  • Ofcom (1)
  • off-boarding (1)
  • off-grid energy (1)
  • off-site tracking (1)
  • off-topic (2)
  • Office 365 (2)
  • offline tracking (4)
  • OFT/CC merger (1)
  • oil sector (7)
  • oligopolistic markets: competition policy enforcement (2)
  • omnichannel (2)
  • on-boarding (1)
  • on-demand transport (2)
  • on-device machine learning (3)
  • on/offline (3)
  • Onavo (1)
  • onboarding (1)
  • one click away (2)
  • one other portal rule (1)
  • online (1)
  • Online ad verification (1)
  • online advertising (40)
  • online auction (2)
  • Online banking (2)
  • Online banking: privacy (1)
  • online booking (2)
  • Online Consumer Privacy (46)
  • Online Consumer Privacy: economics (2)
  • Online Consumer Privacy: Europe (4)
  • online distribution (12)
  • online gambling (1)
  • online gambling:privacy (1)
  • online games (8)
  • online geographic price discrimination (3)
  • online harms (4)
  • Online Learning (1)
  • online lending (1)
  • online markets (6)
  • online music market (6)
  • online music rights (4)
  • Online News (7)
  • online obscurity (1)
  • online payments market (21)
  • online payments:privacy (1)
  • online platform economy (3)
  • Online platform: collusion (1)
  • online platform:abuse (1)
  • Online platform:trust (1)
  • online price fixing (1)
  • online profile (3)
  • online reviews (23)
  • online sales ban (9)
  • online search (5)
  • online search advertising (1)
  • online secondary ticketing (1)
  • online shopwindow (1)
  • Online Tracking (39)
  • onspot terminal (5)
  • OPEC (3)
  • Open 5G (1)
  • Open Access (108)
  • Open Access: University policies (3)
  • open AI (7)
  • open API (1)
  • Open App Markets Act (1)
  • Open Automotive Alliance (1)
  • open banking (45)
  • open content (2)
  • open corporate (1)
  • open data (199)
  • open data and competition (8)
  • open data and copyright (4)
  • open data and database right (2)
  • open data and libraries (12)
  • open data and transportation agencies (1)
  • open data and undertakings (2)
  • open data licences (7)
  • open data: culture (8)
  • open data: economics (7)
  • open data: privacy (4)
  • open data:sustainability (1)
  • open document format (2)
  • Open Education (3)
  • open experience (1)
  • open finance (3)
  • open governance (1)
  • open government (9)
  • open innovation (4)
  • Open Internet (2)
  • open invention network (1)
  • Open Network for Digital Commerce (1)
  • open patent licence (1)
  • open platform (7)
  • open regulation (1)
  • open research data (2)
  • open science (4)
  • Open Source (68)
  • Open Source AI (1)
  • open source and competition policy (6)
  • Open Source and Data Protection (2)
  • Open Source and Merger Policy (6)
  • open source and standard setting (1)
  • open source hardware (1)
  • open standard (5)
  • open standards (1)
  • open strategic autonomy (3)
  • open strategy (1)
  • open systems (4)
  • open weights foundation model (1)
  • opening up (1)
  • openreach (1)
  • opera (1)
  • operational resilience (1)
  • ophthalmic lenses market (1)
  • opt-out (2)
  • opt-out class action (3)
  • Optimal IP protection and market structure (1)
  • optimization system (1)
  • Optional European Contract Law (1)
  • oracle (1)
  • Oracle v. Google (16)
  • Oracle v.Google (45)
  • Oracle-Sun (8)
  • Oracle: abuse of dominance (3)
  • Oracle/HP (1)
  • Oracle/Sun (8)
  • Oracle/TikTok (4)
  • Orange (1)
  • Orange-Book-Standard (8)
  • Orange/Apple (2)
  • Orange/Jazztel (1)
  • Orange/Sunrise (2)
  • Ordnungsökonomik (1)
  • ordoliberalism (4)
  • organic products (1)
  • orphan programs (1)
  • orphan works (32)
  • orphan works directive (4)
  • Orphan-Works (45)
  • OS neutrality (1)
  • Ostrom (3)
  • OTA (52)
  • OTA:consumer protection (2)
  • OTT (4)
  • out-of-commerce works (6)
  • out-of-market efficiencies (2)
  • out-of-territory restriction (1)
  • over-the-top content (1)
  • overriding consumer interest duty (1)
  • Ownership unbundling (3)
  • Oxone (1)
  • P-hacking (1)
  • P2B (1)
  • P2P (18)
  • P2P diffusion of user innovations (1)
  • packaging (4)
  • paid reviews (1)
  • pain point (1)
  • Palantir (1)
  • Paneuropean licence (2)
  • Paradise Papers (1)
  • parallel exclusion (3)
  • parent-subsidiary (1)
  • parity clauses (2)
  • parody (15)
  • partage non marchand (1)
  • participative antitrust (7)
  • participatory competition policy (1)
  • participatory data stewardship (1)
  • passing on defence (8)
  • passive sales (1)
  • pate (1)
  • patent (14)
  • patent ambush (2)
  • patent analysis (1)
  • Patent and competition law (12)
  • patent and education (1)
  • patent challenge (1)
  • patent damages (1)
  • patent exception (4)
  • patent exhaustion (5)
  • patent filing (2)
  • Patent Holdup (5)
  • Patent infringement (10)
  • Patent Invalidity (6)
  • Patent law (5)
  • patent law history (1)
  • Patent Law: Subject Matter (1)
  • patent litigation (3)
  • Patent misuse (2)
  • Patent on IP Business Model (1)
  • patent opposition (1)
  • patent peace (2)
  • patent pendency (1)
  • Patent Pool (9)
  • patent quality (3)
  • Patent Reform (10)
  • Patent settlement (12)
  • Patent system reform (1)
  • patent term (1)
  • Patent Thicket (10)
  • patent troll (131)
  • Patent validity challenges (2)
  • patent war (19)
  • Patent-Pool (1)
  • Patentable Subject Matter (3)
  • patents (1)
  • Patents and green tech (1)
  • patents and the public domain (2)
  • pay app (1)
  • pay for delay (50)
  • pay or okay (10)
  • pay TV market (8)
  • pay-per-delay settlement (12)
  • pay-per-read-page model (1)
  • Pay-per-use licence (1)
  • pay-per-view (1)
  • payday lenders (2)
  • payment markets (9)
  • payments market (4)
  • paypal (3)
  • Paypal/iZettle (6)
  • Paywall (1)
  • PCT (1)
  • PCW restriction (1)
  • peering agreement (1)
  • Penguin/Random House (1)
  • Penguin/Random House/Simon & Schuster (1)
  • Per Se (2)
  • Perception management (1)
  • perfect price discrimination (1)
  • Periscope (1)
  • personal (1)
  • personal current account (4)
  • personal data (5)
  • personal data and death (3)
  • Personal Data API (3)
  • personal data economy (9)
  • personal data marketplace (4)
  • personal data mobility (5)
  • Personal Data Protection (9)
  • Personal Data Protection internationally (14)
  • Personal Data Protection: Airports (1)
  • Personal Data Protection: Archives (1)
  • Personal Data Protection: Comparison (1)
  • Personal Data Protection: International (4)
  • personal data protection: media consumption (1)
  • Personal Data Protection: Research (2)
  • personal data store (24)
  • Personal Data: Controller (3)
  • personal data: economics (6)
  • personal data: ownership (3)
  • personal digital assistant (62)
  • personal digital assistant:privacy (9)
  • personal information economy (45)
  • personal model (1)
  • personal price discrimination (6)
  • personal search data (1)
  • personalisation (1)
  • personalised pricing (11)
  • pesticides cartel (1)
  • PET (1)
  • pet food (1)
  • petrol price fixing (1)
  • Petrol stations (5)
  • PETs (1)
  • Pfeiderer (6)
  • Pfizer (8)
  • pharma (6)
  • pharma cartel (7)
  • pharma patents (9)
  • pharma retail chain (9)
  • pharma transparency (1)
  • Pharmaceuticals (52)
  • Pharmaceuticals and regulation (3)
  • pharmaceuticals: price competition (8)
  • photo (4)
  • PIMS (22)
  • pira (1)
  • Piracy (49)
  • Pirates party (2)
  • Pittsburgh Declaration (1)
  • Pixel Phone (1)
  • plaftorm (1)
  • plagiarism (5)
  • plain packaging (19)
  • Planet49 (1)
  • planned obsolescence (5)
  • plant diversity (1)
  • platform (65)
  • platform accountability (2)
  • platform ban (9)
  • platform competition (35)
  • platform cooperativism (8)
  • platform dependency (1)
  • platform disintermediation (1)
  • platform expansion (1)
  • platform fairness (24)
  • platform governance (1)
  • Platform integration (2)
  • platform neutrality (5)
  • platform observatory (1)
  • platform post-mortem (1)
  • platform regulation (55)
  • platform self-regulation (3)
  • platform shift (4)
  • platform society (1)
  • platform standards and rules (6)
  • platform strategy (1)
  • platform transparency (5)
  • platform users' reactions (1)
  • platform utility (1)
  • platform-as-regulator (2)
  • platform: business model (4)
  • platform: fake users (2)
  • platform: pricing (4)
  • platform:social responsability (1)
  • platform:transparency (2)
  • platforms and media (1)
  • platforms and vertical integration (2)
  • Plattform-Mitbestimmung (1)
  • playlist (2)
  • PlayStation (1)
  • poaching (1)
  • podcast (5)
  • Pokémon Go (17)
  • policy cycle (1)
  • policy diversification (1)
  • political advertising (2)
  • political antitrust (1)
  • political security (1)
  • politics and antitrust (4)
  • Pope (2)
  • Popper (1)
  • Post-COVID-19 (2)
  • Post-COVID-19:antitrust (2)
  • post-scarcity economy (1)
  • Postal sector (2)
  • poster cartel (1)
  • potash (3)
  • potential competition (8)
  • potential competition neutralisation (1)
  • potential concerns in digital markets:taxonomy (1)
  • POTs (4)
  • poultry cartel (1)
  • poultry processor cartel (1)
  • PPC marketplace (1)
  • practical scholar (1)
  • precision medicine (1)
  • predation (1)
  • predatory innovation (10)
  • predatory patent acquisition (1)
  • predatory pricing (17)
  • predictive analytics (1)
  • preliminary injunction (9)
  • premium sport rights (1)
  • press clippings (5)
  • presumptions in competition law (4)
  • price (1)
  • price cap (5)
  • price cartel (2)
  • price coherence (2)
  • Price Comparison Website (63)
  • price comparisons on the Internet (1)
  • price competition (2)
  • Price Crawling (1)
  • Price discrimination (5)
  • price discrimination market (1)
  • Price Fixing (8)
  • Price fixing and evidence (1)
  • price floor (1)
  • price gouging (10)
  • price monitoring (1)
  • price parity clause (14)
  • price predation (1)
  • Price reccomandation (1)
  • Price signalling (2)
  • price surge (1)
  • price volatility (1)
  • Price-Cost Test (1)
  • price-match guarantee (1)
  • pricing algorithms (3)
  • priority rule in merger (1)
  • Privacy (45)
  • Privacy 2030 (2)
  • privacy and branding (1)
  • privacy and Constitution (1)
  • Privacy and Economics (17)
  • privacy and freedom of expression (3)
  • privacy and human rights (4)
  • privacy and innovation (3)
  • privacy and IP infringment (2)
  • privacy and platform competition (1)
  • privacy and research (2)
  • privacy and standards (2)
  • privacy as an essentially contested concept (1)
  • privacy as default (1)
  • privacy as selfishness (1)
  • Privacy Assistant (1)
  • privacy bridge (1)
  • Privacy Budget (1)
  • privacy by default (3)
  • privacy by design (20)
  • privacy collision (1)
  • privacy competition (2)
  • privacy definition (1)
  • privacy experiment (1)
  • privacy firewall (1)
  • privacy icons (1)
  • privacy impact assessment (2)
  • privacy in the car (1)
  • privacy internationally (13)
  • privacy notice (1)
  • privacy paradox (13)
  • privacy protection market (3)
  • privacy sandbox (3)
  • privacy shield (10)
  • privacy tool (1)
  • Privacy-Bot (2)
  • privacy: evolution (2)
  • privacy: government (1)
  • privacy: monetized (5)
  • privacy: typology (1)
  • Privacy:epistemic (1)
  • private copy (25)
  • private copy: France (2)
  • private digital library (1)
  • Private Enforcement (109)
  • private equity (1)
  • privatisation (1)
  • Privatkopie (1)
  • prix unique du livre numérique (3)
  • prizes (1)
  • pro-competition data governance (7)
  • pro-competition sandbox (1)
  • procedural fairness (5)
  • procedural framework (2)
  • procompetitive regulation (4)
  • proctoring:privacy (2)
  • procurement (3)
  • product certification (2)
  • product design (15)
  • product hopping (4)
  • product search (1)
  • product variety (3)
  • professional body (9)
  • profiling (12)
  • profit paradox (1)
  • programmable infrastructure (1)
  • Programmatic ads (2)
  • programmatic advertising (14)
  • Prometheus (3)
  • promotion parity (1)
  • proportionality (1)
  • proportionality bias (1)
  • proprietary data computed or inferred by an organization (1)
  • protectionism (2)
  • protocol (5)
  • protocol competition (4)
  • PSD2 (17)
  • pseudonymisation (1)
  • PSI Directive (22)
  • PSI:charging (3)
  • Psychometrics (1)
  • public algorithm (1)
  • public bodies and competition law (2)
  • public companies and competition law (1)
  • public domain (27)
  • public interest data (2)
  • public interest data sharing (1)
  • public interest in merger analysis (2)
  • public lending (3)
  • public performance (4)
  • public private partnership (2)
  • public procurement (6)
  • public procurement data (1)
  • public research (1)
  • public sector (2)
  • public service (2)
  • public utility approach (1)
  • publicity right (2)
  • purely personal or household activity (1)
  • purpose limitation (2)
  • purpose specification (1)
  • Qualcomm (11)
  • Qualcomm/Autotalks (1)
  • Qualcomm/Broadcom (1)
  • Qualcomm/FTC (5)
  • quality competition (2)
  • quality degradation (1)
  • Quantum-proofing (1)
  • quasi-experimental (1)
  • quotation (10)
  • R and D (1)
  • radical markets (2)
  • Railways (21)
  • Rambus (2)
  • RAND (4)
  • ranking (1)
  • rating (1)
  • rating agency (1)
  • Ray-Ban/Facebook (2)
  • RCEP (1)
  • re-identification (1)
  • re-use of PSI and competition (7)
  • Reader Privacy (1)
  • Reader's Copyright (1)
  • real assistant (1)
  • real estate market (3)
  • real time bidding (3)
  • real time bidding:privacy (3)
  • real-time bidding (1)
  • Realpage (1)
  • rebalancing Europe (1)
  • recession (7)
  • rechargeable batteries (1)
  • recommendation model (1)
  • recommending algorithm (2)
  • recorded-music market (3)
  • recording industry (1)
  • recycling (1)
  • redress (1)
  • referral request (1)
  • refusal to deal (16)
  • refusal to license (13)
  • refusal to provide data (1)
  • RegData (1)
  • Regional Agreement (2)
  • regtech (4)
  • regulated conduct doctrine (2)
  • regulated profession (15)
  • Regulation (18)
  • regulatory algorithm (1)
  • regulatory arbitrage (1)
  • regulatory capture (2)
  • regulatory competition (1)
  • regulatory cooperation (2)
  • Regulatory sandbox (31)
  • regulatory sandbox:privacy (1)
  • Regulatory Scrutiny Board (1)
  • regulatory springtime (1)
  • Reinforcement Learning (1)
  • relationship (1)
  • Remedies (22)
  • remedies and innovation (1)
  • Remedy (2)
  • Remedy:data sharing (1)
  • remix (1)
  • Remote control (1)
  • remuneration of authors (4)
  • rémunération proportionnelle du partage (1)
  • renewable energy (1)
  • Renfe (1)
  • rentier capitalism (3)
  • repeated infringement (1)
  • repository (1)
  • reproduction rights (6)
  • République numérique (1)
  • repurposing (2)
  • reputation economy (1)
  • res (1)
  • resale price maintenance (29)
  • Research and copyright (31)
  • Research and Development (2)
  • research computer code (1)
  • resilience (9)
  • responsible innovation (1)
  • restriction by object (10)
  • retail 4.0 (1)
  • Retail banking (18)
  • retail energy market (3)
  • Retail merger (4)
  • Retail payments (1)
  • retailing (8)
  • retroactive rebates (1)
  • reuse (1)
  • revenue bundle (1)
  • reverse engineering (1)
  • reverse-payment settlement (17)
  • revolving doors (3)
  • RFID (1)
  • ridesharing (20)
  • right clearance (1)
  • right of access (3)
  • right to be forgotten (84)
  • right to be heard (1)
  • right to computational refusal (1)
  • right to disconnect (1)
  • right to explanation (15)
  • right to repair (9)
  • right to science (1)
  • Righthaven (1)
  • rights clearance (1)
  • Rights Registry (1)
  • Ring (1)
  • Roaming (1)
  • Robinhood (2)
  • Robinson-Patman Act (1)
  • roboadvisor (1)
  • Roboregulation (1)
  • Robot (23)
  • Robot-human interaction (3)
  • Robot:ethics (3)
  • Robot:liability (3)
  • Roche/Novartis (6)
  • Roche/Spark (2)
  • roll-up (2)
  • Romania (1)
  • RPM (34)
  • RPM and AI (1)
  • RSS-Feeds and copyright (2)
  • RTL/DPG (1)
  • rule of law (1)
  • Rule of Reason (4)
  • Russia (2)
  • Russia: competition policy (8)
  • ruthlessness problem (1)
  • Sabre/Farelogix (6)
  • Safari Workaround (1)
  • safe harbours in competition law (1)
  • Salesforce/Tableau (1)
  • salmon price-fixing (1)
  • Salto (1)
  • sampling (5)
  • sandwich (1)
  • Sanofi/Maze (1)
  • Sanofi/Synthorx (1)
  • sausage (1)
  • SCA (2)
  • scaling (1)
  • SCCR (5)
  • SCCR/19 (2)
  • SCCR/20 (1)
  • SCCR/21 (1)
  • SCCR/22 (3)
  • SCCR/23 (7)
  • SCCR/24 (8)
  • SCCR/25 (4)
  • SCCR/26 (1)
  • SCCR/27 (2)
  • SCCR/28 (2)
  • SCCR/29 (1)
  • Schamfaktor (1)
  • Schumpeter (8)
  • sci-hub (2)
  • Scoring (3)
  • Scott Morton Review (3)
  • SCP (1)
  • screen scraping (23)
  • sea transport (6)
  • Search (1)
  • search and piracy (4)
  • search b (1)
  • search bias (32)
  • search downranking (1)
  • search economics (2)
  • search engine (17)
  • search engine and data processing (2)
  • search engine ballot (1)
  • search engine competition (7)
  • search engine liability (3)
  • search market (6)
  • search neutrality (8)
  • search results and speech (1)
  • searchable IP data (1)
  • second-hand digital files (60)
  • second-hand games (3)
  • second-hand software (17)
  • Secondary Liability (4)
  • Section 2 (1)
  • Section 5 (20)
  • sector inquiry (1)
  • Sector regulator (4)
  • security research exemption (1)
  • seed patent (1)
  • selective distribution (17)
  • selective price cut (1)
  • selective repair system (1)
  • self-driving car (16)
  • self-driving maps (2)
  • self-employed (1)
  • self-preferencing (9)
  • self-publishing (4)
  • self-regulated profession (6)
  • self-replicating technology (1)
  • semiconductor indusrtry (1)
  • sensor (1)
  • sensory data (2)
  • SEO (2)
  • SEP (178)
  • SEP overdeclaration (1)
  • separability (3)
  • serial acquisitions (2)
  • serial defensive acquisitions (3)
  • server test (1)
  • service degradation (1)
  • session replay script (1)
  • Settlement (6)
  • SGEI (1)
  • shadow profile (1)
  • sham litigation (21)
  • shape trademark (4)
  • shaping choices (1)
  • shared stewardship (1)
  • sharing econmômy (1)
  • sharing economy (163)
  • sharing economy and competition policy (7)
  • sharing economy and consumer protection (1)
  • sharing economy and privacy (5)
  • sharing economy:relevant market (1)
  • sherry cartel (1)
  • shipping (1)
  • Side dish (1)
  • sideloading (2)
  • Sidestepping (1)
  • Siemens/Alstom (11)
  • SiiP (1)
  • Silicon Valley. Antitrust (1)
  • simulcast (1)
  • Single Entity Defence (3)
  • Singularity (1)
  • siphoning (1)
  • site blocking (9)
  • six strikes (2)
  • skills (5)
  • Skinner (1)
  • Slack v. Microsoft (2)
  • Slack/Microsoft (2)
  • SMA skills (1)
  • small IP claims (2)
  • smart card chips (1)
  • smart city (9)
  • smart city: privacy (3)
  • Smart competition enforcement (1)
  • smart contract (2)
  • smart data (5)
  • smart disclosure (1)
  • smart dust (1)
  • smart garment (1)
  • smart glasses:privacy (1)
  • smart grid (1)
  • smart home (1)
  • smart metering (10)
  • smart speaker (1)
  • smart tags (1)
  • smart tech (2)
  • smart television (1)
  • smart tv (1)
  • smartphone (23)
  • smartphone:privacy (1)
  • smartwatch (3)
  • smartwatch: privacy (2)
  • smartwatch: unauthorized transmitting equipment (1)
  • Snapchat (1)
  • Snapchat: privacy (1)
  • snow balling effect (1)
  • social control score (1)
  • social credit score (17)
  • social data (1)
  • Social Network (8)
  • Social Network and competition (5)
  • Social Network and copyright (3)
  • Social Network and human rights (1)
  • social network and privacy (1)
  • Social Network and trade secrets (1)
  • Social Network: data (1)
  • social rights (1)
  • social tarifs (1)
  • socialism (1)
  • socio-ecological market economy (2)
  • soft infrastructure for innovation (1)
  • Software (5)
  • Software as moat (1)
  • software configuration (1)
  • software copyright (5)
  • Software Directive (3)
  • software ecosystem (1)
  • software embedded in everyday products (2)
  • Software Patent (60)
  • software platform (1)
  • Software protection (3)
  • software-enabled consumer products (1)
  • Solid (7)
  • Sony/AWAL (1)
  • Sony/EMI (2)
  • SOPA (6)
  • sound recording (4)
  • South Africa (6)
  • South Korea (3)
  • Spain (2)
  • Spanish inquisition (1)
  • spare parts (3)
  • special responsability (1)
  • Spillover (1)
  • Sport (34)
  • sport ad (1)
  • sport antitrust exemption (1)
  • sport betting (1)
  • Sport Leagues (35)
  • Sport Leagues: privacy (1)
  • sport rights (38)
  • sports law (1)
  • Spotify (9)
  • Spotify:ex-ante (1)
  • Spotify:privacy (1)
  • SSCR/20 (1)
  • SSO (1)
  • stablecoins (2)
  • standa (1)
  • Standard (9)
  • standard essential patent (11)
  • standard setting (55)
  • standard setting and IPRs (18)
  • Standardization (3)
  • standards (2)
  • standards competition (1)
  • Staples/Office Depot (3)
  • startup (4)
  • State Action Doctrine (15)
  • state aid (7)
  • State Aid and Copyright (1)
  • state aid and innovation (1)
  • state aid and sustainability (1)
  • state aid LOBR (1)
  • state doctrine (1)
  • state surveillance (2)
  • state-initiated restraints (9)
  • State-owned enterprises (10)
  • steel cartel (2)
  • steel purchase cartel (1)
  • store competition (1)
  • Störerhaftung (1)
  • strange regulatory animal (1)
  • Strasbourg Effect (1)
  • strategic data (1)
  • strategic underinvestment (1)
  • Strava (1)
  • stream ripping (1)
  • streaming (3)
  • streaming:privacy (1)
  • strip-mining (2)
  • structural commitments (1)
  • Structural remedies (10)
  • structural separation (8)
  • structure of the market (1)
  • students personal data (3)
  • subscription instead of advertising (2)
  • subscription model for music (9)
  • subscription model for YouTube (1)
  • Subsidiary (1)
  • subsidies (1)
  • substantial domestic operations (1)
  • substantial lessening of competition (1)
  • successor liability (1)
  • sugar cartel (2)
  • sui generis right (1)
  • sunflower seeds (1)
  • super profile (1)
  • super-app (7)
  • supply chain (2)
  • surge pricing (12)
  • surveillance capitalism (101)
  • surveillance capitalism: human rights (3)
  • surveillance creep (5)
  • surveillance medicine (3)
  • surveillance paradox (1)
  • surveillance retailing (1)
  • sustainability (44)
  • sustainability agreement (1)
  • sustainability:abuse of dominance (1)
  • sustainability:merger (1)
  • sustainability:supply chains (1)
  • switching costs (14)
  • Switzerland (8)
  • Sygenta/Verisem (2)
  • syllabus (1)
  • synthetic biology (1)
  • synthetic data (1)
  • systemic algorithm (1)
  • T- (1)
  • T-Mobile/Sprint (2)
  • Tablet (15)
  • Tacit agreement (1)
  • TAFTA (1)
  • Takeaway.com/Just Eat (3)
  • Takeda/Shire (1)
  • takedown notices (9)
  • tap to pay (2)
  • Tapestry/Capri (1)
  • Tarantino (2)
  • targeting (2)
  • taste (2)
  • tax deducibility of cartel fines (1)
  • taxation and competition policy (1)
  • taxation and patents (1)
  • taxe GAFA (1)
  • taxi (41)
  • teaching exception (13)
  • teaching material (8)
  • tech and democracy (3)
  • Tech Manipulation (4)
  • tech nationalism (2)
  • techbank (2)
  • techfin (115)
  • techlash (2)
  • technical design (1)
  • technological change (1)
  • technological combination (1)
  • technological paradigm (2)
  • technology acquisition as abuse (1)
  • technology licensing (1)
  • technology regulation (16)
  • technology transfer agreement (8)
  • technology trap (1)
  • Telecom (16)
  • Telecoms Reform (3)
  • Telemetric data-based rates (1)
  • term extension (3)
  • termination right (1)
  • territorial exclusivity (3)
  • Tesla (7)
  • tethered artwork (1)
  • tethered product (2)
  • Teva/Allergan (1)
  • Teva/Cephalon (3)
  • Text Mining (18)
  • TF1 v YouTube (2)
  • The Great Hack (1)
  • Thomson Reuters (2)
  • Three-Step Test (9)
  • Three-Strike (18)
  • Three/O2 (1)
  • threshold (1)
  • Ticketmaster (5)
  • TikTok in the US (1)
  • Tiktok:privacy (4)
  • time shifting (1)
  • Tinder (1)
  • Tipping (1)
  • toilet paper principle (1)
  • toll road (1)
  • too big to comply (2)
  • too big to fail (3)
  • too big to magage ethically (1)
  • too big to manage ethically (1)
  • Topics API (2)
  • torrent (2)
  • total welfare (1)
  • ToTok (1)
  • Towercast (1)
  • TPM (5)
  • TPP (26)
  • tracker blocking (1)
  • Tracking software (5)
  • tracking wall (1)
  • Trade and AI (1)
  • Trade and Technology Council (3)
  • Trade Association (4)
  • trade dress (1)
  • trade mark (17)
  • trade mark exhaustion (1)
  • trade mark: public policy/morality (1)
  • trade of mobile spectrum (1)
  • trade policy and competition (8)
  • Trade secrets (6)
  • trademark (12)
  • trademark history (1)
  • trademark settlement and competition (1)
  • trademark:public policy (1)
  • trademarks and competition law (4)
  • trademarks and domain names (4)
  • trademarks on the Internet (5)
  • trading and data services (1)
  • trading platform (1)
  • trading platform and abuse of dominant position (1)
  • traditional knowledge (4)
  • Traffic management (1)
  • Traffic management transparency (1)
  • training data (2)
  • transaction (1)
  • Transaction Costs Economics (5)
  • transborder flows of personal data (1)
  • transborder merger (3)
  • transgenic seed industry (5)
  • transition countries and IP (2)
  • translation and copyright (1)
  • transparency (2)
  • transport (14)
  • transportation network provider (1)
  • travel industry (3)
  • Traveltech (1)
  • Trento (2)
  • TRIPS (6)
  • TRIPS Plus (2)
  • Truck sector (5)
  • Trump antitrust (7)
  • Trump Fintech (1)
  • trust (13)
  • trust by design (1)
  • TrustPid (1)
  • TTIP (10)
  • TTIP and competition (2)
  • tuna cartel (1)
  • TV format (2)
  • tv market (8)
  • TV Platform (1)
  • TV programme (2)
  • Twitter (5)
  • twitter:privacy (4)
  • two-sided (4)
  • two-strike (1)
  • tying (6)
  • tying agreement (8)
  • uber (15)
  • Uber dilemma (7)
  • Uber Eats (1)
  • Uber: antitrust (42)
  • Uber:privacy (10)
  • Uber/Autocab (1)
  • Uber/Cornershop (1)
  • Uber/Grubhub (1)
  • uberization (1)
  • UBS/CS (1)
  • UK competition law (1)
  • UK copyright law (7)
  • UK Facebook Case (1)
  • UK Google Case (1)
  • UK Merger Assessment Guidelines (1)
  • UK merger control (1)
  • umbrella pricing (13)
  • UMG/PIAS (1)
  • UN Guidelines for Consumer Protection (1)
  • UN:artificial intelligence (1)
  • unbundling (3)
  • uncertainty (2)
  • undertaking (3)
  • UNESCO (2)
  • unfair commercial practices (4)
  • Unified Patent Court (2)
  • unilateral conduct laws: objectives and principles (2)
  • unilateral disclosure of information (2)
  • Unilateral Effects (2)
  • Unilateral Merger Effects (2)
  • Union Patent (1)
  • Unitary Patent Protection (8)
  • United/Continental (2)
  • Universal app store (1)
  • Universal Copyright Convention (1)
  • Universal Digital Rights (1)
  • universal service (1)
  • universe of capabilities (1)
  • University Press (1)
  • university: data protection (1)
  • unjustified geo-blocking (2)
  • unlawful price differences (1)
  • Unlock competition (1)
  • Unlockd (2)
  • unobserved collusion (1)
  • unsecured credit market (1)
  • unwinding (1)
  • upfront fares (1)
  • upfront pricing (1)
  • upload filters (2)
  • UPP (1)
  • US Airways/American (5)
  • US copyright law reform (3)
  • US Data Protection Reform (2)
  • US Data Protection Reform 2012 (39)
  • US Data Protection Reform 2018 (2)
  • US Data Protection Reform 2019 (8)
  • US DoJ/Google (13)
  • US DOJ/Google AdTech (3)
  • US Ex-ante Regulation (1)
  • US Horizontal Merger Guidelines (8)
  • US Intel case 2009 (1)
  • US merger guidelines (2)
  • US Microsoft case (16)
  • US Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology (1)
  • US-EU Merger Coordination (1)
  • UsedSoft (24)
  • User data sale (1)
  • user generated content (15)
  • user-owned platform (1)
  • Utah Statement (1)
  • UTC/Raytheon (1)
  • utilitarian info technology (1)
  • utility model (1)
  • value web (1)
  • ValueLicensing (1)
  • Variable Recurring Payments (1)
  • VBER (1)
  • Vectaury (4)
  • vehicle carrier services market (1)
  • vehicle data (1)
  • venture capitalists (1)
  • Verily (1)
  • Verizon/Yahoo (1)
  • vertical integration (5)
  • Vertical merger (8)
  • vertical restraint (124)
  • vertical restraint and big data (2)
  • very capable foundation models (VCFM) (1)
  • Vestager Effect (2)
  • vexatious litigation (7)
  • Viacom v. Youtube (9)
  • Viagogo/StubHub (3)
  • video conference:data protection (2)
  • Video game piracy (3)
  • video games:privacy (1)
  • video piracy (2)
  • video remixing (1)
  • video streaming (8)
  • video streaming and competition (6)
  • video streaming and privacy (3)
  • Videogames and banking (1)
  • videogames and competition (1)
  • Videogames and IP (10)
  • virtual assistant (4)
  • virtual competition (2)
  • Virtual Print Fee (1)
  • virtual reality (15)
  • virtual reality:privacy (1)
  • virtual restauranr (1)
  • virtual world (2)
  • virtual world:EU Citizens Panel (1)
  • virtuous circle (1)
  • Visa/Plaid (8)
  • Visually and hearing Impaired and patents (1)
  • Visually Impaired and AI (1)
  • Visually Impaired and Copyright (99)
  • voice assistant (2)
  • voice platform (5)
  • voice search (2)
  • voicebot (2)
  • Voluntary Competition Compliance Code (1)
  • voluntary redress scheme (2)
  • Voluntary Registration and Deposit (1)
  • VPN (4)
  • VTC (1)
  • vulnerability (1)
  • W3C (2)
  • WAEMU (1)
  • Walker Process (1)
  • Walmart/Cornershop (1)
  • War (1)
  • war of the roses (1)
  • waste management (2)
  • water market (8)
  • water reform (1)
  • waterbed effects (1)
  • wearable technology and privacy (7)
  • Web Apps (1)
  • web3 (5)
  • WEF Report (1)
  • Welfare (1)
  • welfare standard (3)
  • Wettbewerbsregister (1)
  • WhatsApp (6)
  • WhatsApp: consumer protection (1)
  • WhatsApp: privacy (12)
  • WhatsApp/Facebook (48)
  • wheel of disruption (1)
  • whistleblower (14)
  • whole-of-government approach (5)
  • wholesale energy trading (1)
  • wholesale financial services (1)
  • wide MFN (3)
  • Wikileaks and IP (3)
  • willful blindness (1)
  • windowing (1)
  • Windows 10 antitrust (1)
  • Windows 10:privacy (6)
  • winner-take-all (3)
  • WIPO (16)
  • WIPO Draft Treaties (1)
  • WIPO Exceptions and Limitations (13)
  • WIPO libraries and archives (4)
  • WIPO libraries and archives treaty (2)
  • WIPO Marrakesh Treaty (59)
  • WIPO Marrakesh Treaty:My Take (15)
  • WMD (1)
  • word filter (1)
  • work surveillance (1)
  • worldwide causation theory (1)
  • WTO (19)
  • Wurstlücke (2)
  • Yahoo (1)
  • Yandex (6)
  • Yelp (2)
  • Youtube (40)
  • zero rating (4)
  • Zero Trust AI Governance (1)
  • Zero-ban platform (1)
  • zero-price market (2)
  • Zitat (1)
  • Zitat im Geschmacksmusterrecht (1)
  • Zoom:privacy (1)
  • Zweitveröffentlichungsrecht (12)
  • Андроид (1)
  • ФАС (4)
  • アマゾン (1)
Simple theme. Powered by Blogger.