Reuters.com,
here. Order
here.
Footnote 9: "At a higher level of abstraction, this means that those competitors who cannot access users are
unable to improve their search algorithms, thereby impairing their ability to compete with
Defendant on the merits of their respective search products... This is
akin to the
theory of Sherman Act § 2 monopoly maintenance described in Microsoft, 253 F.3d at 60-62,
wherein Microsoft’s exclusive licensing terms prevented OEMs from promoting rival Internet
browsers, thereby reducing rival browser usage and developer interest in those browsers, with the
effect of maintaining developer focus on developing for Microsoft’s Windows operating system,
which contributed to maintaining Microsoft’s monopoly over the market for operating systems" (emphasis added).
Bruegel Annual Meetings | 3-4 September 2025, Video here .