Wednesday, August 02, 2023

Non-price effects of mergers and acquisitions

 J. Haucap, J. Stiebale, here

“Will AI Destroy Us?”: Roundtable with Coleman Hughes, Eliezer Yudkowsky, Gary Marcus, and me (+ GPT-4-enabled transcript!)

 Here

Why Meta is giving away its extremely powerful AI model

 S. Ghaffary, here

Advancing search engine studies: The evolution of Google critique and intervention

 A. Mager et al., here

Denied by Design? Data Access Rights in Encrypted Infrastructures

 M. Veale, here

Thresholds of Merger Notification: The Challenge of Digital Markets, the Turnover Lottery, and the Question of Re-interpreting Rules

 R. Podszun, here

Is America’s Merger Fever Breaking?

 S. Mitchell, R. Knox, here

The Next World System: Can US Trade Policy Make Us More Secure, Democratic, & Prosperous?

 Open Markets, Video here

Antitrust law examination of “Google News Showcase”

 Bundeskartellamt, here

The rise of conversational AI with the co-founder of Siri

 ZenDesk, Video  here

This California agency wants to know what happens to all that connected car data

 TechCrunch, here

Unpacking the 2023 Revised Merger Guidelines: A Conversation With the U.S. Department of Justice

 Ruled by reason, Podcast Episode here

Thursday, July 27, 2023

What a tiny precedent could do...

 


70% Of Generative AI Startups Rely On Google Cloud, AI Capabilities

 Forbes, here

Digital clones made by AI tech could make Hollywood extras obsolete

 Washington Post, here

Analyzing the European Union AI Act: What Works, What Needs Improvement

 HAI, a look from the US..., here

The Opportunities & Threats of AI

 S. Galloway  & G. Marcus, Conversation here

The FTC Is Regulating AI: A Comprehensive Analysis

 HKLaw, here

The little search engine that couldn’t

 TheVerge, here

Biden Declares War on the Cult of Efficiency

 F. Foer, here

Amazon makes bid to settle UK antitrust probe into seller data, Buy Box and Prime

 Natasha The Great, here

Grave concerns’: FTC leader accuses Jim Jordan of intimidating her staff

 


Politico.com (not eu), here.

Antitrust girls and boys, remember Onavo?

 AU FedCourt, here

Hugging Face, GitHub and more unite to defend open source in EU AI legislation

 VentureBeat, here

Artificial intelligence: Development, risks and regulation

 UK Lords, here

Bundeskartellamt vs Meta: what now?

 Euractiv, here

AI AND GENERATIVE AI: TRILOGUE NEGOTIATIONS FOR THE AI ACT

 Beuc, here

A certain danger lurks there’: how the inventor of the first chatbot turned against AI

 The Guardian, here

Tuesday, July 25, 2023

Next-Generation Antitrust Policy in an AI-Driven World

 Me in ProMarket, here

Six years after "Competition by Design", here

Competition Policy Enforcement in a Dynamic World

 P. Régibeau, here





Link: The Incentives Balance Test in the EU Microsoft Case: A More 'Economics-Based' Approach? by Simonetta Vezzoso :: SSRN

The dirty little secret that could bring down Big Tech

 Insider, here

How to implement the DMA in order to attain its goals of contestability and fair digital markets for core platform services

 J. Hoffmann, here

President Joe Biden wanted Gigi Sohn to fix America’s internet — what went wrong?

 The Verge, here

Remarks by President Biden on Artificial Intelligence

 White House, here

What happens to competition when fewer startups go public?

 ProMarket, here

Meta can call Llama 2 open source as much as it likes, but that doesn't mean it is

 The Register, here. 

ON DIGITAL COMPETITION, BRITAIN COULD LEARN FROM ITS REGULATORY MISTAKES

 Z. Meyers (CER), here

UK Lords debate AI

 Here

CMA: Amazon / iRobot merger merger decision

 Here

Valuing Social Data

 A. Parsons, S. Viljoen, here

Is AI Bad for Humanity?

 Podcast with D. Acemoglu, here

Why We’re Updating the Government’s Merger Guidelines

 J. Kanter, L. Kahn, WSJ (of all places), here

"When markets are competitive and companies jostle to win business, everyone benefits. Consumers pay lower prices and get better service. Workers have more options to earn higher wages and get better working conditions. And we all benefit from the breakthrough innovations and diverse views that flourish when markets are open and the best ideas win.

More than a century ago, Congress set out to protect free and fair competition by passing antitrust laws. These laws prohibit mergers that may harm competition, while permitting those that don’t. As federal antitrust enforcers, we want our approach to be clear and predictable. Since 1968, our agencies have issued guidelines to explain how we assess whether mergers might hurt competition.

The Justice Department and Federal Trade Commission have updated the merger guidelines to reflect an evolving economy several times, under Presidents Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Clinton, Obama and Trump. We are continuing that tradition. Our proposed guidelines are faithful to the legal principles that have guided our enforcement efforts for generations. They recognize that firms can compete in a variety of ways and lay out the different ways that mergers may threaten competition.

The guidelines are written to be understood by businesses, consumers, entrepreneurs, workers and the broader public. We focused on three goals while drafting them.

First, as federal antitrust enforcers, we are bound by the antitrust laws as written by Congress and interpreted by the Supreme Court. The Clayton Act of 1914 prohibits any merger that may substantially reduce competition or tend to create a monopoly. Time and again since then—from expanding the Clayton Act to address a broader range of transactions to requiring that companies notify the government in advance of large mergers—Congress has closed loopholes and offered antitrust enforcers and private citizens more tools to stop anticompetitive mergers.

Recognizing Congress’s clear commands, more than a century of Supreme Court and appellate precedent makes clear that the antitrust laws protect the public from mergers that let dominant firms further control a market or create choke points in the economy. To ensure that our approach to merger review is faithful to the law, the proposed guidelines include—for the first time—legal citations to Supreme Court cases.

image
PHOTO: JOSE LUIS MAGANA/ASSOCIATED PRESS

Second, enduring antitrust legal principles must be applied to today’s markets, reflecting how companies operate, compete and grow in the 21st century. To make sure we understand these changes, our proposed merger guidelines encompass the insights of modern analytical tools, taking into account market realities.

Third, we have written the draft guidelines with the broader public, not only antitrust experts, in mind. This makes it easier for businesses and individuals to understand the risk that a merger or acquisition may lead to an antitrust investigation and, where warranted, a lawsuit. But the proposed merger guidelines don’t create rights or responsibilities, nor are they substitutes for the law itself.

The proposed merger guidelines are the result of a public request for information issued in January 2022. We received more than 5,000 comments—from businesses, individuals, farmers, nurses, pharmacists, consumer advocates, worker organizations, antitrust practitioners, academics and trade associations. During four listening sessions, we heard about the effects of mergers and acquisitions on different sectors, which helped us understand how mergers can undermine open markets.

Our work isn’t done. We encourage the public to read the proposed merger guidelines and share its views at regulations.gov. The deadline to comment is Sept. 18. Our agencies will read and reflect on these comments before issuing final merger guidelines.

Congress tasked us with faithfully enforcing the antitrust laws to promote open, resilient markets. By updating the merger guidelines we hope to propel American ingenuity and ensure that the best ideas win.

Mind-reading machines are coming — how can we keep them in check?

 Nature, here

A law for foundation models: the EU AI Act can improve regulation for fairer competition

 K. Zenner, here

Thursday, July 20, 2023

An important step towards secure and interoperable messaging

 Google (no kidding), here

Deutscher Videokonferenzanbieter alfaview reicht Beschwerde bei EU-Kommission gegen Microsoft wegen Missbrauchs von Marktmacht ein

 alfaview, hier

Updated version of the Teramo Cloud Presentation

 Here

French draft law "Sécuriser et réguler l'espace numérique": cloud credits

 


Ici.

Amazon wehrt sich – jetzt ist der BGH am Zug

 WBS, hier

The Data Act trialogue agreement as formally approved

 Here

Microsoft and Meta expand their AI partnership with Llama 2 on Azure and Windows

 Microsoft, here

Ofcom cloud consultation: responses published

 Here (only 8)

Tuesday, July 18, 2023

Data Act: European Mobility Still Needs Sector-Specific Rules

 Euractiv, here

Effective protection against AI harms

 A. `Lawrence-Archer and R. Naik, here

Apple Launches Tap to Pay on iPhone in the UK

 MacRumors, here

Why they're smearing Lina Khan

 C. Doctorow, here

The Gatekeepers of Knowledge Don’t Want Us to See What They Know

 J. Angwin, here

« Charles River Associates s’est déclaré « fier » de la nomination de sa « consultante de haut niveau Fiona Scott Morton ». Faut-il s’en inquiéter ? »

 







































You can bet they were also very proud of all their CRA consultants nominated for the latest so called Antitrust Writing Awards, here

Can A.I. Invent?

 New York Times, here

La CNMC multa a Apple y Amazon con 194 millones por restringir la competencia en la web de Amazon en España

 CNMC, aquì

EU Trilogues: The AI Act must protect people’s rights

 AccessNow, here

The EU Digital Markets Act: A One-of-a-kind Regulation

 A. Malheiro, here

Eine harm­lose Alien-Inva­sion

 LTO, hier

The General Court must rule once more on the lawfulness of the Commission’s prohibition of the acquisition of Telefónica Europe (‘O2’) by Hutchison 3G UK (‘Three’)

 CJEU, here

Adobe / Figma merger inquiry

 CMA (who else?), here

The future of data trusts and the global race to dominate AI

 A. Artyushina, here

The abuses of Popper

 Aeon, here

WhatsApp shifts legal basis for processing personal data in Europe

 Euractiv, here

Vertical Merger Scrutiny Needs an Upgrade After Microsoft-Activision

 L. Hepner, here

FTC's CID re OpenAI

 Here

Meta’s behavioral ads banned in Norway on Facebook and Instagram

 #NatashaTheGreat, here

Isaac Newton to AI

 SEC, here

Right to repair: EP Draft Report

 Here

Chrome für iOS: Google führt Web-Apps ein

 Heise.de, hier

Teslas neue Ladesäulen-Macht

 FAZ, hier

China to name Unicom CEO Liu as head of new data bureau

Reuters, here.  

Regulating AI in the UK

 Ada Lovelace Institute, here

The beauty and complexity of the antitrust policy mind

 


Wednesday, July 12, 2023

Gen AI & Market Power: What Role for Antitrust Regulators?


Amazing webinar, just ended. 

A couple of immediate reactions to what we heard. It appears everyone is still in research mode, which is perfectly acceptable. However, there's already some serious musing afoot, particularly from the cloud services sector perspective (Adlc here, an overview here, if I may). What Big Tech firms are up to is also quite obvious. Well, what's next?

Starting from the recognition that generative AI makes all much, much worse and much more difficult (Andreas Mundt, - 19a and the NCT could come very handy, of course), do we sit on our hands, awaiting one monopolist to be swapped out for "another" (best-case scenario, as suggested by Joshua Gans)? Do we carve out tiny oases of diversity, try to preserve those famous windows of opportunity, cherish those few cracks that might just open up and observe from the sidelines (Susan Athey)? Do we attempt to grab the bull by the horns, seeking to shift the direction of innovation (Daron Acemoglu, with suggestions on how to do so, from AI regulation to tax rules)? Or are we temped to surrender to a sense of discouragement (Tommaso Valletti - not alone)?

Update: The recording  is now available here, and Ian Brown has some in-depth tweets (yes, you also can) on the discussion, all unrolled here.  

Überprüfung einer Bestpreisklausel – Bundeskartellamt stellt Verfahren gegen Lieferando ein

 Bundeskartellamt, hier

("Anlass für das Verfahren war die Überprüfung einer Bestpreisklausel in den Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen (AGB) von Lieferando gegenüber Restaurants. Dieser zufolge müssen die auf Lieferando geforderten Preise den Preisen in den eigenen Vertriebskanälen der Restaurants entsprechen")

"That is what the DMA is all about."

 T. Breton, here

Innovation in the age of digital gatekeepers: It's complicated

 


Twitter blocks links to rival Threads

 TechCrunch, here

Tuesday, July 11, 2023

A very public, successful job interview, for a while.

 

Video, from 5:40:40. 


FSM "resigned", as you heard coming back to shore.

This is now for the archives: 
[BTW
-  her very clear position on interoperability is encouraging :) here;
- the Amazon/iRobot merger in-depth investigation following the Meta ruling is going to be very interesting (but can she say anything about it as former Amazon consultant? How many years ago was it?); 
- her Consultant's stance on cloud gaming being "a nascent technology that does not yet have a compelling use case" is hopefully correct;
- wondering if this roadmap could be of any use now;
- with addictive technologies aplenty, what has antitrust ever done for us? 
- Q: has there ever been an EU Chief Competition Economist who was not a CRA consultant? A: Yes!]]

Google to explore alternatives to robots.txt in wake of generative AI and other emerging technologies

 Search Engine Land, here

US Court denies FTC's bid for a preliminary injunction of Microsoft's Activision deal

 Opinion here.

Virtual Worlds and Web 4.0

 EC, Factsheet here;  Communication here; Information, insights and market trends on web 4.0 and virtual worlds here; Citizens’ panel report on virtual worlds here

The UK Facebook/Giphy Case: Taking Dynamic Competition Seriously

 M. Walker, here

Dynamic Competition, Digital Ecosystems, and Competition Policy

 W. Kerber, here

Bundeskartellamt: Jahresbericht 2022/23

 Digitalwirtschaft, hier

Review of the Digital Markets, Consumer and Competition Bill

 UK Parliament, here (oral evidence). 

CMA Video, from 14:29:20 

Potential addressees 20 June 2023 - Review of the Digital Markets, Consumer and Competition Bill - Oral evidence - Committees - UK Parliamentideo  Parliamentlive.tv - Communications and Digital Committee

Furman, Marsden; Fletcher Parliamentlive.tv - Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Bill

.


(Over)simplifying the "AI control" debate?

"Opening up isn’t altruistic – Meta believes it’s in *her* best interest", writes the Head of Global Affairs at Meta in the FT. Barricading what might have been open was the key to digging digital moats and flexing market power muscles. Before succumbing to the rather misleading term "contestability", in the discussions on the DMA the focus was precisely on "openness and fairness". That's how Big Tech has played the digital competition game. And what does the future hold? 

Waiting to read Meredith Whittaker & Co-authors on this

Monday, July 10, 2023

Data brokers: Issues Paper

 ACCC, here

Commission opens in-depth investigation into the proposed acquisition of iRobot by Amazon

 EC, here. More, from #NatashaTheGreat here.

La CNMC sanciona el cártel de dos de las principales empresas de servicios de bases de datos de información empresarial en España

 Aquì

Sharing a slightly modified version of a recent presentation on vertical restraints in the digital economy

 


Here

Sharing a slightly modified version of a recent presentation on the DMA

 Here

What Can Policymakers Do About Algorithmic Collusion and Discrimination?

 M. Stucke, here

CJEU ruling on Meta referral could close the chapter on surveillance capitalism

 Natasha The Great, here

How do we keep up with the pace of AI development?

 WEF, here

The Ninth Circuit’s Grave Mistake in Epic v. Apple

M.Glick, here.  

FTC Files Amicus Brief to Clarify Antitrust Standards Involving Exclusive-Dealing and Bundling Arrangements

 Here.

Meta v. Bundeskartellamt

  Case C‑252/21, here

Samsung may face tighter scrutiny under new EU rules

 KoreaHerald, here

Implementing the DMA: The role of behavioural insights

 A. Fletcher, Z. Vasas, here

Enforcing the DMA is Easier Said Than Done: Evidence From the Commission’s Draft Template for DMA Compliance Reports

 TruthOnTheMarket, here

Generative AI’s secret sauce — data scraping— comes under attack

 VentureBeat, here

Tesla and Chinese EV Giants: short lived price collusion

In a display of the finest irony, 16 automakers in China, including industry powerhouses like Tesla and BYD, last week committed to a pledge of fair competition and "normal" pricing, only to retract during the weekend as somebody finally realized that it contradicted China's anti-monopoly laws. EV-edition, here

Jumpstarting AI Governance

 

G. Marcus, here

The FTC’s biggest AI enforcement tool? Forcing companies to delete their algorithms

Model deletion, while not new, has seen increased use as a deterrent. It hits at the core of a company's business model, rather than simply imposing fines, which can be seen as mere slaps on the wrist for big tech companies. Cyberscoop, here

UK Approach to LLMs: Call for evidence

The Committee is seeking evidence on several topics, including future trends of LLMs, associated opportunities and risks, domestic regulation, the adequacy of the UK’s regulatory capacity, possible non-regulatory and regulatory options, and comparisons with international approaches. UK Parliament, here

ANTITRUST SUPER TUESDAY

 D-Kart, here

Saturday, July 08, 2023

A Chinese DMA?

Yesterday, I had the pleasure to teach a 90-minute class on the DMA for Chinese competition officials. Despite a) being just after lunch b) enticing weather outside c) lovely but consecutive interpretation slowing down things a lot, I enjoyed the opportunity to provide an overview of this amazing ;-) regulatory tool. I think they felt my enthousiasm (but I very much doubt they directly shared it) and there were some interesting, intriguing questions. Let‘s wait and see…

Sunday, July 02, 2023

Democracy in the digital age

 UC, EGE, here

Webinar and launch of a new report on generative artificial intelligence

 Forbrukerradet, here

Commission seeks feedback on commitments offered by Renfe over possible anticompetitive practices in online rail ticketing in Spain

 EC, here

Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003: a historical and empirical account of an unworkable compromise

 O. Brook, M. Eben, here. Further discussions chez Oles here

GOOGLE СHALLENGES NCLAT ORDER IN AN ANTITRUST CASE

 BricsCompetition, here.

Metaverse

 Study for the JURI Committee, here

CPDP 2023

 Videos, here

Expert explainer: Allocating accountability in AI supply chains

 Dear Ian for the Ada Lovelace Institute, here

Lina Khan Is Coming for Amazon, Armed With an FTC Antitrust Suit

 Bloomberg, here

It'd be lovely to write an update of this, if the occasion presents itself.

Diane Coyle, an economist's (and former journalist's) life dedicated to the digital economy

 Podcast, here

Design software deal could harm UK digital economy

 CMA, who else? Here

A Big Tech Disassembly Manual

 C. Doctorow, here

The True Threat of Artificial Intelligence

 NYTimes, here

AMNC23: How do we keep up with the pace of AI development?

 Here.

Thursday, June 29, 2023

Tête dans les nuages: some early evening reflections on today's Avis by the French competition authority


Avis n° 23-A-08 du 29 juin 2023 portant sur le fonctionnement concurrentiel de l’informatique en nuage (« cloud »).

My perspective comes from someone studying this topic as an independent researcher, and currently writing an article based on a Teramo presentation, so I'm obviously biased. 

I've read some parts of today's 200-page long Opinion and find that it is largely in line with the main conclusions of other important analyses, particularly those of Ofcom and the Dutch competition authority. Opportunistically, I would have hoped for a more detailed discussion of the application of the DMA to the cloud sector, which remains quite general, perhaps (un)surprisingly. But this could be an exciting topic for a paper to be presented at the upcoming November conference in Brussels on "DMA enforcement between opportunities and challenges" (call for papers).  The analysis of the Data Act proposal has also been largely omitted because there has already been a political agreement on the text (two days ago).

The clearest added value, which needs to be evaluated in detail, seems to be the definition of the relevant market, particularly in the presence of digital ecosystems, which I'm happy to cover in a lesson next week in Augusta Treverorum. There are also rich scenarios involving specific competitive risks. It seems clear that the focus, also in view of (likely ?) enforcement actions, is on possible abuses of dominant position, but also Article 101 and other French provisions that could possibly be applicable (also by another French regulator). Regarding mergers in the cloud sector, the Authority is already pleased to receive information regarding any proposed concentration by gatekeepers in the cloud sector under Article 14 DMA. As for the emergence of generative AI,  the Authority remains quite reserved, simply noting that these new technologies could potentially be changing the structure and competitive balance of cloud markets. 

Newsflash: After rapidly dashing off these lines yesterday afternoon, a rather noteworthy contribution emerged from the FTC's Bureau of Competition and Office of Technology on the competition concerns raised by Generative AI, a subject that, as seen above, the French competition authority is still ruminating over. From the point of view of competition in the cloud, the contribution made at least three relevant point:

1) The Bureau refreshed our memories on the successful action to block Nvidia's acquisition of Arm (the merger would have otherwise snuffed out competition in multiple processor markets, including chips for cloud service providers=computational resources);

2) "Incumbents that control key inputs or adjacent markets, including the cloud computing market, may be able to use unfair methods of competition to entrench their current power or use that power to gain control over a new generative AI market";

3) Egress fees, which the EU is trying to regulate, could be a way by which cloud providers can lock in generative AI companies with an insatiable appetite for compute power.


Thursday, June 22, 2023

Google Cloud’s response to the FTC’s call for public comments

 Here

Theories of Harm for Digital Mergers

 OECD Goodies, here

Towards a dynamic concept of competition that includes innovation

 W. Kerber, hier

Dislocated accountabilities in the “AI supply chain”: Modularity and developers’ notions of responsibility

 D. Gray Widder, D. Nafus, here

Statement of objections issued against various of Google’s practices in connection with Google Automotive Services and Google Maps Platform

 Bundeskartellamt, here

Market structure and industrial organization: Do we need a new antitrust standard?

 EfiP Conference, video here

EVP Vestager Concluding Remarks of the Conference "20 Years of Regulation 1/2003

 Here

Open AI on the AI Act

 Here

Artificial intelligence [What Think Tanks are thinking]

 EPRS, here

EU Competition Policy: search Engine

 Here

The Financial Services Sector’s Adoption of Cloud Services

U.S. Department of the Treasury, here.  

A new threat to financial stability lurks in the cloud

 FT, here

Amazon’s purchase of Roomba maker cleared by CMA

 CMA, here

Submissions to the UK and EU competition authorities on the Amazon/iRobot merger

 Privacy International, here.

German Initiative on Sustainable Cocoa – Bundeskartellamt sees no reason for detailed examination

 Press Release, here

Konträre Meinungen zu neuen Befug­nissen für das Bundes­kartellamt

 Deutscher Bundestag, hier

KURS HALTEN FÜR WETTBEWERBSSCHUTZ

 A. Mundt, hier

The global rush to regulate artificial intelligence

 mlex, podcast here

IEO Virtual Seminar: Artificial Intelligence's Economic, Social, and Trade Impacts

 Video here

Recommendation of the Council on Intellectual Property Rights and Competition

 OECD, here

Ioannis Lianos chez Oles!

 Video here

Projet de loi sur l'espace numérique : audition de Jean-Noël Barrot

 Vidéo, ici

L’Autorité de la concurrence lance une étude de marché sur le secteur de la blockchain

 Autorité de la concurrence du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, ici

TEMPLATE FOR REPORTING PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 11 OF REGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 (Digital Markets Act)

Consultation, here

Quantum-proofing the financial system

 BIS, here

Data Act trilogues – where are we at?

 Euractiv, Audio here.

Creativity in the Age of AI: Generative AI Issues in Art Copyright & Open Source

 Standford HAI, here

Commission adopts new Horizontal Block Exemption Regulations and Horizontal Guidelines

 EC, here

Unfair Software Licensing Practices: A quantification of the cost for cloud customers

 CISPE, here

Friday, May 26, 2023

DMA: State of Play. An amended transcript, shared.

As I was concentrating also on cooking while listening to the very rich discussion cum book presentation, I was very glad that the recording was quickly shared with us all by Rupprecht & Friends/Colleagues. I’m offering this slightly redacted transcript of what I heard and think particularly worth remembering, in case you might also find it useful yourself (#givingback).  

Discussion, 24 May, 2024, CET lunch/cooking time

Video here

(EC: European  Commission; GG: German Government; EP: European Government. For readability’s sake, I cut all the lawyerly “I think, in my view, etc.”. Warning: there were many!)

-----

Timeline (EC)

The entry into application of the DMA has been May, 2. That means latest date for the notification of the gatekeepers is 3rd of July. Then there are 45 days for the  Commission to designate. At the latest September, 6 we will have designation decisions and compliance will have to kick in by March 2024, six month after designation.

That already sets the scene for the two work streams that the Commission is currently working on. Number one, obviously, the need to deal with the designations, the notifications will come in very soon. Arguably, no gatekeeper will actually make a notification in advance of the deadline because that will cut short the compliance deadline. There's no particular interest on the side of the gatekeepers to do that so the  Commission expects notifications at the very last moment, around second or third of July. First workstream is designation but second workstream which the  Commission has already started to work on is compliance -  that's pre-compliance discussion.

Notification (EC)

The  Commission is currently in pre-notification discussions with the gatekeepers. This is very well known to those who've worked in the merger field: before you make a notification, you normally discuss the content of your notification with the  Commission.

Obviously, here the incentives are slightly different because in a merger you'd normally notify in order to get the deal approved by the  Commission, while here you don't notify in order to get designated - rather the contrary might be the case for many of the potential Gatekeepers, namely that they notify in order not to get designated. So, obviously, the incentives are a bit different when it comes to DMA notifications. Nevertheless, all of the potential  gatekeepers that potentially fall in the thresholds of Art. 3 DMA have actually engaged with the  Commission.

The implementingregulation of the DMA has been adopted and published. It contains a “form GD”, a gatekeeper designation, which provides for what the potential gatekeepers have to notify in terms of which core platform services fall within this threshold but also plausible delineations.

There are two work streams on designation: delineation of the CPSs and working towards rebuttals.

Delineation of the CPSs

Integrated services

The interesting bit that the Commission is currently discussing with most of the gatekeepers that have submitted draft form GDs is namely how to deal with integrated services. The legislator has thought this process probably a bit more straightforward than it turns out to be in practice, a bit more automatic. If you fulfill the thresholds of Art. 3 the legislator, as recalled from the legislative discussions, actually thought this is quite automatic. It turns out that there's still discussions to be had with the potential  gatekeepers about mostly integrated services.

That has to do with the notion of purpose that is used in the Annex of the DMA which describes how business users and end users should be calculated. The DMA makes very clear that in case there's an integrated service which from a business user or end user perspective is used for different purposes, that integrated service can also be split into two different CPSs - that's mostly the discussion the  Commission is currently having with the gatekeepers.

To make this a bit more tangible, here are two examples. One that has been litigated already in court is the delineation between search and online intermediation services, so people might have in mind vertical search services. So on the search page when you have an embedded online intermediation service such as Google Shopping. The question could arise whether this online intermediation service Google Shopping is part of the search results or is a separate CPS and therefore has to be designated separately. So, is there search plus an online intermediation service which is, for instance, Google Shopping or is this an integrated service that has to be designated together as search?

Another example is also evident, namely social networks and video sharing. What do you do with the service that has both components that on the one hand is a social network but on the other hand provides a platform for sharing videos? Is the video sharing component only a small part of the social network, do they have to be separated? Are these two CPSs? Can they be seen as an integrated service? What is the purpose of the one and the other?

Repercussions

The answers to these questions have repercussions because, for instance, Art. 6.12 DMA does not apply to video sharing services, so whether you are a video sharing service or a social network or a combination of the two actually makes a difference in terms of compliance.

It will also have repercussions on, for instance, Art. 5(2),  because whether you are an integrated service or a separate CPS might have repercussions on whether you need to require or ask for end user consent if you want to combine across-use personal data. These discussions are relatively advanced because the notification deadline is looming.

Rebuttals

What will also come up very soon is rebuttals. A second work stream that the  Commission is going to have to deal with is companies that fulfil the thresholds, but will try to rebut the presumption of Art. 3 that they fulfil thresholds. They will argue that even if they have the numbers, these numbers are not constitutive of being an important gateway as the DMA requires. The legislator has made this rebuttal relatively strict. Those who followed the legislative process will remember that there has been a debate on what you can actually bring forward in terms of rebuttal and whether there should be a reference to the qualitative criteria that are now in Art. 3.8 or whether it should be rather limited to the quantitative criteria that you find in Art. 3 DMA.

Recital 23 of the DMA, which has been put in the DMA in the Parliamentary discussion, makes it very clear that the legislator wanted the  Commission to focus solely on the figures, on the numbers in the rebuttal scenario and not so much on other things. So we have to now basically see with these rebuttals whether we can accept any of those on the basis of the very narrow reading of Recital 23.

The  Commission basically has three options:

1)    - reject the rebuttal in the 45 days if they're clearly not meeting the rebuttal thresholds;

2)    - in the 45 days accept the rebuttal - that will be very, very rare given what the legislator has basically given as the legal basis for rebuttals;

3)    - open a market investigation in order to verify whether the rebuttals that have been brought forward make any sense.

The trick will be: what kind of criteria is the Commission going to use in order to assess these rebuttals and in which cases is the Commission going to open a market investigation? Those should be exceptional cases, so it must be a very stringent case for rebuttals. One hook in Recital 23 is the reference to the scale of activities that this gatekeeper service has in relation to the category of CPSs.  So that could be a hook in terms of relative size one could look into. The Commission will not look into market shares because the Recital 23 and Art. 3 don’t talk about market share, but it'll have to find a way to operationalize the assessment of the rebuttals.

Compliance (EC)

Many  gatekeepers have already told the  Commission that six months period between September and March 2024 is not going to be enough to achieve compliance. Therefore, they need to already engage with the  Commission now on particular issues where a lot of engineering work is needed. That is not totally wrong because for some of these obligations definitely a lot of engineering work needs to go into it in order to come up with a compliance solution.

Informal compliance discussions (two-way street)

Some of the potential gatekeepers prefer not to engage very intensively and probably will wait until designation. Others prefer to get more clarity already now and the Commission is happy to provide that clarity as much as it can at this point in time on possible compliance solutions.

The topics that come up most frequently so far are:

Art. 5.2

How it should be implemented in terms of:

1)     the layout the different consent mechanisms 

2)     kind of data covered by Art. 5.2

3)   difference between combination and cross use

Art. 6.5

That's something which is important for a couple of  gatekeepers because it has a direct impact on the presentation of some of their services.

Art. 7

That needs a lot of engineering work to be put in place.

App store/marketplace related obligations

Those were the ones that have been particularly interesting for the gatekeepers in terms of compliance discussions already now.

The  Commission is having these informal compliance discussions and nothing is set in stone yet because  gatekeepers are not yet designated but it is possible at least to explore a bit what kind of compliance solutions  gatekeepers want to put in place and give already first feedback on these compliance solutions.

More participatory compliance

But that's just one component of compliance obviously this cannot just be a one-way street or two-way street between the Commission and the gatekeepers. It needs to involve third parties because the information asymmetry between the  Commission and the gatekeepers is such that the  Commission needs to bridge the gap by bringing in third parties now.

This can be done in two ways.

Bilaterally

Bilateral conversations which the Commission is having with a number of third parties if they want to speak to it bilaterally

Technical workshops

Multilateral conversation and that's where the workshops come in. There were already four workshops on DMA which basically provided a forum for  gatekeepers and third parties to meet in order to exchange on key topics.

The topics that that were featured in the workshops are exactly the ones that also have most of the interest from the gatekeepers.

To recapitulate:

Art. 6.5

The interpretative questions that were raised were:

1)    what does ranking mean?

2)    what is a separate service?

3)    what does the FRAND provision mean?

There were also very concrete proposals by at least one gatekeeper. Google put out how they would want to comply with Art. 6.5 in terms of how they would present their verticals on the search results page that has met a lot of criticism by third parties. Third parties and Google don't see eye to eye so there will be a lot of discussion still needed but at least the first step has been made.

Art. 7

There was a lot of technical discussions on:

1)    How to ensure that end-to-end encryption is safeguarded, that security of consumers is safeguarded

2)    Interoperability can be achieved in the timeline that is given by the DMA.

Some stakeholders plead for standardization, but standardization is not the first call in Art. 7 DMA. It's more a unilateral disclosure of interoperability information from the gatekeeper to the potential interoperability seekers and not an overall standardization. There was a lot of debate on that in the workshop.

 App stores/marketplaces

Art. 6.12

Prof. Podszun participated very helpfully on the notion of FRAND. A very difficult concept: you can take it from an outcome perspective (i.e., try to price regulate) or you can take it more from a process perspective. That's the way it has been dealt with in the context of standard essential patents with the courts (not just the European courts but including the German courts and the Bundesgerichtshof have set up a process related to the FRAND framework. The jury is still out. Probably Art. 6.12 encompasses the two approaches to FRAND, namely an outcome-related one but also a process-related one

Art. 6.4

Much discussed with Apple and Google, and Apple specifically, was sideloading and their main concern about security and how they can safeguard the security of end users and also the security of the hardware against fraudulent players but also against hackers.

Art. 5.4

There was a lot of discussion also with Google especially about the steering article because both Google and Apple have steering provisions in place. They don't allow third parties to link out to their own apps and especially they make third parties pay for those links, whilst Art.5.4 DMA says that these linking out has to be free of charge. There'll still be debate on that, this is certainly not the last word, there was a lot of forth and back in the workshop with potential stakeholders about how this could work in practice.

Art. 5.2

Last but not least we had the data Workshop which mainly featured Art. 5.2.

The CNIL, the French data protection authority was  coming in pointing out that the  Commission needs to carefully calibrate the interplay between the DMA and the GDPR because the DMA borrows a lot of notions from the GDPR, like the notion of consent which has to be defined within the meaning of the GDPR. So how do we interpret in the context of for instance Art. 5.2 DMA  consent within the meaning of the GDPR and how can you basically make these two provisions work together seamlessly so that there isn't a lot of consent fatigue. Because what we know from all of these consents that we have to give currently is that the more of these consents are put in front of us, the less users interact with them. So one has to strike a balance between obviously what the law wants to achieve in terms of contestability and fairness. But also what the law wants to certainly not achieve is that people basically are so fed up with these consent requirements that they really don't consciously interact with them because then the law has probably failed on this purpose.

Compliance reports

There will have to be a compliance report in March 2024.

The  Commission will put out a draft for this compliance report for public consultation. It's very interesting and very needed that third parties can basically have a say in terms of the benchmarks that we would expect the gatekeepers to test compliance against. That would be a lot of figures a lot of A/B testing that the  Commission will require from the gatekeepers but there needs to be a reality check of whether the  Commission got that right third parties and therefore the  Commission is going to put out a draft compliance report for public consultation relatively soon.

Q&A

Q

The question really goes into the direction of the compliance reports because there was not that much in the DMA as such and therefore there's not that much on it in the Podszun Commentary. So, if the  Commission could elaborate a little bit more on that and also how this goes hand in hand with Art. 8.3 and the option of amicable solutions going forward. 

A

Art. 8 is quite central to the DMA. It speaks about the gatekeepers having to demonstrate effective compliance in line with the goals of the DMA and that's quite important. The compliance report serves as a first shot basically for the  gatekeepers to convince the  Commission that what they're doing is actually ensuring effective compliance, but sort of this that it is not just words as the  Commission is going to require figures and numbers that back up. And not only figures and numbers but also testing that backs whether the gatekeeper really effectively complies with the obligations. So the compliance report, as the Commission will put out in the draft form will require a lot of material from the  gatekeepers to show that they are effectively complying. And then that would be the first port of call. But that doesn't exclude that  gatekeepers would want to engage into the dialogue pursuant to Art. 8.3 beforehand so that would mean that The  Commission doesn't have to engage in these dialogues, it has a discretion. So the  Commission will then have to judge whether what the gatekeeper has put forward is something which is in the grey area where one can discuss or whether it's so blatantly non-compliant that the further discussion about it doesn't make a lot of sense and the Commission would directly go to non-compliance procedures. Or the Commission decides that there it makes sense to engage in a more formal dialogue with the gatekeeper and to try to specify more specifically what effective compliance means in the context of this gatekeeper. A lot of these discussions will take place informally because the gatekeepers will have a lot of interest in knowing relatively early the direction of travel and the  Commission thinking because it’s not a very comfortable position for a gatekeeper to be in to find out on March 2024 that what they've been doing so far is totally off the mark and then be surprised. A lot of engagement at least as from September can be expected. The  Commission has already seen a lot of engagement now by at least some of the gatekeepers, the ones that we shouldn’t say are more willing to comply because everybody has to comply but some of them are engaging more than others.

High-Level Group (EC)


Q

How did the first meeting of the High-Level Group go, are there any tangible outcomes, and what is its likely role going forward?  

A

According to the DMA, the High Level group has two main purposes. The first purpose is to advise generally on the implementation of the DMA with respect to the intersection of the DMA with other laws. There was a useful discussion because the group has the data protection authorities, the telecom regulators, the competition regulators, the audiovisual Regulator. So, there was a very broad, rich debate on how these areas of law actually cross fertilize.

The second purpose of this group is to basically do a bit of horizon scanning to advise on what could be done better in terms of working together in these areas and I think it was very fruitful discussion. It was a first meeting, obviously more work needs to be done but it was the first ever meeting at least in the European Union of all of these different Regulators in one go. So, it was kind of historical in a way that we all met in one room and discussed common interest topics like data protection and DMA, or competition law and DMA.

Academia and the DMA (EC)

Q

What would the Commission see as the role of Academia in this first phase, anything that the Commission wish for that academia should be writing about in the next months?

A

Academia could usefully come in is in these compliance benchmarks. So go basically through the obligations and try to figure out what would be a measure of compliance because that will also come in the public consultation on the compliance report. We would want to know from third parties including Academia: what would you use as a benchmark for, for example, Art. 6.5 DMA? Is it an outcome related benchmark a process related benchmark? What kind of benchmarks would you want to see in terms of verifiability?

Competition law and the DMA (GG)

Regarding the relationship between national law, or European competition, and the DMA, we have to bear in mind that the  Commission had two souls housed in her breast. First of all, we have to remind ourselves that Art. 114 TFEU is the legal basis of the DMA, so it's an internal market competence. Therefore, the Commission was really striving to create an harmonized set of European rules for the internal market, so as to avoid fragmentation and achieve harmonization. On the other hand, the full title of the digital markets act speaks to the regulation on contestable and fair markets. That was really the underlying goal, namely to achieve contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and therefore the Commission didn't want to be too strict with regard to rules that try to achieve the same or complementary goals. So, we have Art. 1 DMA that really tries to balance out those two souls. It lies down which additional rules are applicable next to the DMA.

There we can differentiate three different pillars:

DMA complementary to European competition law

European competition law remains fully applicable, complementary to the DMA. It's really the full discretion of the Commission whether it starts an investigation under the DMA or continues to pursue an investigation under competition law. There have been great papers on the topic on how the Commission should decide whether to continue an ongoing investigation also with the view to possible remedies (…).  

DMA complementary to national competition law

The second pillar would be the national competition law provisions which correspond to European competition law and they also remain unaffected by the DMA, so fully applicable

DMA and national competition provisions which prohibit other forms of unilateral conduct

The third pillar is the one where it becomes a little bit trickier. These are the national competition provisions which prohibit other forms of unilateral conduct. These are in particular those national provisions which go beyond Art. 102 TFEU.

There the solution is that it can only be applied to undertakings other than the gatekeeper if they amount to the imposition of further obligations. That's basically the text of Art.1.6 DMA, but what does it mean concretely?

Is the provision a national competition rule?

For example, looking at Section 19a GWB. There has been some discussion about whether this is a national competition rule. Looking for guidance in the DMA, that would be Recital 10, which says basically that there are two decisive factors for the classification of a competition law rule. First, whether there's a case-by-case examination of the circumstances, so like market position, effects and conduct; second, whether there's an efficiency defence open to the undertaking concerned. If you look at Section 19a GWB, it's fair to say that it's really deeply rooted in competition law. We look at the case by case assessment we have an efficiency defence. Briefly, it is definitely a competition rule.

In which cases will a provision like Section 19a GWB remain applicable?

There are three different groups that we can broadly categorize:

1. Undertaking not yet designated as a gatekeeper

The first group will be cases where we have a behaviour of an undertaking that has not yet been designated as a gatekeeper by the Commission under the DMA. So far we don't have the designation decisions, they will be expected this fall and before we have any designation decisions the Bundeskartellamt is entirely free to issue decisions under Section 19a GWB.

One example was the decision of the Bundeskartellamt to issue a statement of objections against Google's data processing terms. Some raised the the question whether this was possible because the behaviour might be addressed by the DMA, but as we don't have a designating decision the Bundeskartellamt was able to take this decision.

2. Platform services not listed in the designation decision

The second group that we have for the future application of Section 19a is on platform services that do not constitute a CPS under the DMA or that do not constitute an important gateway under Art. 3 and are therefore not listed in the designation decision. So, the Budeskartellamt will be able to issue decisions against such services that were not addressed by the DMA because at this time or the time of the negotiations we did not see that there might be competition issues.

3. New types of conducts

The third group encompasses those cases where the Bundeskartellamt would like to react to new types of conducts and therefore creates further obligations. It will be a very interesting question, and Academia might be needed to really draw the fine line, to say where it is a new obligation and where it is really more like a specification or a modification of an existing obligation of the DMA.

Relationship between the DMA and Section 19a GWB in particular (11th GWB amendment)

In sum, there's ample room for the Bundeskartellamt to apply Section 19a GWB in the future and that is why the federal government decided to include in its 11th Amendment to theGerman competition act some proposals also with a view to the DMA.

One of them is that the GG wants to empower the Bundeskartellamt to investigate possible cases of DMA violations, not only to support the Commission but also because the German government thinks there might be situations where the Bundeskartellamt doesn't know right in the beginning whether a specific behaviour might be a DMA violation or a violation of Section 19a GWB. The German government really wants to equip the Bundeskartellamt to do their job and to find out which rule might be the right one. Therefore, it's really important that Bundeskartellamt and the European Commission really work hand in hand, fully cooperate. Making reference to a quote by Vice-President Vestager, she said that the work of a competition Authority can be described like clearing out the rubbish that's been dumped in a river and the digital markets Act is sort of a filter that removes some of this rubbish. She also said pretty frankly that still some issues will remain and that competition law will therefore be an additional tool that will still be important in the future. It's not only European competition law that will remain important with a view to that but also the work of the national competition authorities and national competition law.

How close are the DMA obligations to traditional competition law?

Q

Are the DMA obligations referring to the same behaviours (e.g. self-preferencing, parity clauses) as we have dealt with in competition cases or do we need a completely new sort of approach to these provisions?

A by a competition lawyer

It's a challenge because if you are a competition lawyer you have this filter or glasses on and see that a lot is like in competition law or you think of antitrust precedents. That can be helpful but can also be a trap.

One example are FRAND obligations in Art. 6.12 or also in Art. 6.5 DMA (namely, the ranking criteria need to be non-discriminatory). For a competition lawyer that means: okay there might be objective justifications for a different treatment (actually also for any public law lawyer). So the question there is: does this suddenly mean you can you know put forward any objective justification for your criteria which would presumably undermine the entire system? There is no efficiency defence, and only very few exceptions, so you really need to take this provision by provision and really challenge your own thinking and the concepts. Still, you can take some concepts from antitrust law but it's not a given, it's it's not one way or the other. It's really a provision by provision exercise and to look at what really the goal and the purpose and the aim of that particular provision. This is one of the questions we thought about when we started commenting on these provisions.

A by the Commission

The competition lawyer was absolutely right. We should be very careful in importing Anti-Trust concepts into this regulatory framework. The DMA especially in Art. 8 makes it very clear that the obligations are to be interpreted in the light of the objectives of the act, which are contestability and fairness. These two concepts are not necessarily those that you find in competition law because they go. You see in the Recitals [32 and 33, SV] where contestability and fairness are defined, that they go beyond the notions that would be used in in competition law. There's no time for getting into all of this now but the gist is that the DMA has its own objectives. The obligations need to be interpreted in the light of those objectives and therefore you cannot just simply import the objectives of competition law into because then the tool would fail to serve its purpose.

The DMA and the German “new competition tool”

Q

What is the interplay between the DMA and the German “new competition tool” planned in the most recent amendment to German competition law?

A (GG)

What could perhaps very hesitantly be called a subsidiarity clause in the proposal says that the new instrument can only be addressed to cases where the existing competition law cannot address a malfunctioning of competition and therefore it's not really targeted at potential Gatekeepers.

Monitoring of effective implementation and compliance (Art. 26 DMA)

Q

Concerning the monitoring of the effective implementation and compliance as of Art. 26 DMA, does the Commission has something in mind for that?

A (EC)

About technical expertise or experts generally and “technically” is important because this is probably the field of use where the Commission is going to make use of expertise most. It's not so much the legal interpretation but technical expertise is a scarce resource and the Commission might need third-party expertise. That can come from third parties which are competitors or business users or represent end users. That can also come from independent experts that the Commission can hire. Within the Commission there is already the Joint Research Center which is a pool of experts that the  Commission can draw on and they have PhD economists and Engineers.

Obviously, the Commission will also have to rely on third-party expertise, to be brought in on a case-by-key basis.

Final reflections on the European Parliament's role, now with regard to the DMA and in the future

Also the European Parliament is doing workshops. The EP can ask questions in a “lighter” manner because the decisions are taken by the Commission. The EP is just there to make sure that this great law is now implemented as efficiently and as strongly as possible. Therefore, the next Workshop that the EP is doing is happening tomorrow [25 May, SV] and the EP is looking a bit in the future about the possibilities of social networks to be interoperable. The EP will also look at Art.101 and 102 TFEU  relative to regulation because for sure there is an overlap and there will be a decision of the Commission to be done at a certain moment in specific cases. The EP is following that with great interest because it wants to make sure that contestability and fairness are the dominant elements of digital markets and that the Commission is making sure that this is possible.

This summer will be very hot because this time we will see by the 3rd of July what companies have declared their role and then the Commission later will have to make the designation […]. DSA designations may have a meaning also for the designation within the DMA. For example, search and maps are to be treated there and this is an important element that may have also an indication for the DMA.

As digital markets are so fast and so dynamic, the Commission will need a lot of that independent input, maybe from national authorities, maybe from the research center but maybe also from Academia and therefore academia’s contribution may still be needed.

Important to notice also that the DMA was the first ever legal piece where FRAND is referred to in secondary legislation. Now the Commission has come up with another proposal on standard essential patents where these principles of FRAND are outlined a bit more in detail but it's a process where probably we'll even see more in the future. It doesn't make things easier but for lawyers – but lawyers love if it's complicated because that gives them some food for thought and for arguments.

Moreover, with regard to the designation, in Art. 47 there is that the guidance of the Commission. What is an operating system? How do different advertising services within one company work together, are they one or two separate core platform services?  All this for example on search and maps and mapping services are open questions. There are different answers to be given, there are different concepts to be applied. In the end, it's in the hands of the European  Commission. Thanks to [the Podszun Commentary], they know a bit more about how it could be done intelligently, smartly.

 

 

Good (DMA) ingredients 

  

Implementation matters...